Lab Review

1
Lab Review

• Lab Safety
• Exercises 1-7

2
Lab Safety

• Name and Explain the 9 rules of Laboratory
  Set-up.
• Name and Explain the 6 rules of Laboratory
  Clean-up

3
Exercise 1 The Microscope

• What was the purpose of the exercise?
• Explain how each part of the microscope works.
• Light source
• Condenser
• Knob
• Iris diaphragm
• Stage
• Slide clip
• Stage adjustment knobs (lower, upper)
• Objectives
• Revolving nose piece
• Body tube
• Ocular
• Base
• Diaphragm lever

4
Exercise 1 cont.

• How do you focus the microscope?
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• Then, 5.
• 6. up

5
Exercise 1 cont.

• Important calculations
• Total magnification
• Definition
• Formula
• Calculate the Total magnification for
• Ocular power 55
• Ocular power 26
• Ocular power 101

6
Exercise 1 cont.

• Cont. Important Calculations
• Resolving Power
• Definition
• Formula
• Calculate Resolving Power
• Numerical Aperture 0.28
• Numerical Aperture 0.0051
• Numerical Aperture 32.6

7
Exercise 1 cont.

• Define the following terms
• Field of view
• Parfocal
• Resolving Power
• binocular
• Condenser
• Brightfield
• Iris diaphragm

8
Exercise 2 Observation of Microorganisms

• What is the purpose of the exercise?
• Define microorganisms
• Name the two divisions of microorganisms
• Describe the characteristics of an Eukaryote
• Describe the characteristics of a Prokaryotes

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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Algae
Protozoans
Class Euglenophycophyta
Class Sarcodina
Class Chlorophyta
Class Mastigophora
Class Ciliophora
Class Bacillariophyta
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Exercise 2 cont.

• What are the characteristics of the protozoans?
• What are the characteristics of the Class
  Sarcodina?
• Give an example of a member of the Class
  Sarcodina (hint see picture)

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Exercise 2 cont.

• Describe the characteristics of the Class
  Mastigophora
• Give an example (hint see picture)
• Characteristics of this microorganism
• How do you contract this microorganisms?
• What are the symptoms?

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Exercise 2 cont.

• Give another example of the Class Mastigophora
  (Hint see picture)
• Characteristics of this microorganism

13
Exercise 2 cont.

• Describe the characteristics of the class
  Ciliophora
• Give an example (hint see picture)

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Exercise 2 cont.

• Describe the characteristics of the Algae
• Describe the characteristics of the Class
  Chlorophyta
• Give an example (hint see picture)

15
Exercise 2 cont.

• Describe the characteristics of the Class
  Bacillariophyta
• Give an example (hint see picture)

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Exercise 2 cont.

• Describe the characteristics of the Class
  Euglenophycophyta
• Give an example (hint see picture)

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Exercise 2 cont.
Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Cyanobacteria
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Exercise 2 cont.

• Describe Characteristics of Eubacterias
• Describe charcteristics of Cyanobacterium
• Give an example (hint see picture)
• Give some characteristics of this microorganism

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Exercise 2 cont.

• Give another example of Cyanobacterium (hint see
  picture)
• Give some characteristics of this microorganism

20
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows the typical arrangement of
  Staphylococcus aureus.
• List the characteristics shown

21
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows typical characteristics of
  Streptococcus spp.
• List the characteristics shown

22
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture describe the typical characteristics
  of Micrococcus luteus.
• List the characteristics shown

23
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows the typical characteristics of
  Listeria spp.
• List the characteristics shown

24
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture show the characteristics of Neiseria
  gonorrheae.
• List the characteristics shown

25
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows the typical characteristics of
  Acinetobacter spp.
• List the characteristics shown

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Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows the typical characteristics of
  E coli
• List the characteristics shown

27
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows the typical characteristics of
  Haemophillus influenzae
• List the characteristics shown

28
Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows the typical charcteristics of
  Vibrio cholerae
• List the characteristics shown

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Exercise 2 cont.

• Thin Needle shape of Fusiobacterium
• What characteristics are shown in the picture?

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Exercise 2 cont.

• The picture shows the typical shape of Leptospira
  spp.
• What is it?

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Exercise 3 Preparing Bacterial Media

• Describe the purpose of this exercise
• What is a fastidious heterotrophs?
• What are the ingredients of the Trypticase Soy
  agar?

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Exercise 3 cont.

• What is agar?
• What are the characteristics of the agar?
• What is a buffer?
• What is the importance of the buffer?

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Exercise 3 cont.

• Calculate the amount of agar needed
• If you wish to make 800 ml of agar and the
  directions on the bottle call for 30 gr/L
• If you wish to make 45 ml of agar and the
  directions on the bottle call for 25.3 gr/L
• If you wish to make 2L of agar and the directions
  on the bottle call for 33 gr/L

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Exercise 4 Ubiquity of Microorganisms

• Give the purpose of this exercise
• What is the purpose of swabing an area of the
  Petri dish with sterile water only? What does it
  mean if there is growth in this area?
• Why we did not swab an area of the agar plate?
  What does it mean if there is growth in this area?

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Exercise 4 cont.

• Why are plates incubated in the inverted
  position?
• Why do we incubated plates at 37C?

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Exercise 5 Morphological Study and Simple Stain

• Describe the purpose of this exercise
• Define the term colony and give some
  characteristics of a colony
• Why we use dyes or stains?

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Exercise 5 cont.

• Explain what is a Cationic Dye and give some
  examples
• Explain what is an Anionic Dye and give an
  example
• Give the procedure for preparing a smear for
  staining

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Exercise 6 Gram Stain

• What is the purpose of the exercise?
• Define differential stain and give an example
• Explain the procedure for Gram stain
• Compare Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

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Exercise 6 cont.

• Explain the theory behind gram staining
• Which stain is the primary stain in the Gram
  stain?
• Which stain is the secondary stain in the Gram
  stain?
• What is the purpose of the iodine in the Gram
  stain?
• What is the purpose of the alcohol in the Gram
  stain?

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Exercise 7 Aseptic Technique

• Describe the purpose of the exercise.
• Define the following terms
• pure culture
• medium
• sterile medium
• inoculum
• aseptic technique

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Exercise 7 cont.

• Describe the procedure for aseptic removal of
  microorganisms
• Describe the aseptic transfer of microorganisms
• Describe the procedure for inoculation of an agar
  stab
• Describe the procedure for inoculation of an agar
  slant
• Describe the procedure for inoculation of an agar
  plate