Perception

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• Chapter 6
• Perception

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Perception

• How do we create meaning out of sounds?
• Selective Attention
• focus of conscious awareness on a particular
  stimulus
• Focus awareness on limited area of experience
• Cube
• Sitting in chair
• Cocktail Party Effect
• Change Blindness

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Perceptual Organization Visual Capture

• Visual Capture
• tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
• Sound of film seems projected from screen
• We compensate for distorted vision

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Perceptual Organization Gestalt

• Gestalt--an organized whole
• tendency to integrate pieces of information into
  meaningful wholes
• tendency to filter information infer perception
  so it makes sense

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Perceptual Organization Gestalt

• Grouping
• the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into
  coherent groups
• Grouping Principles
• proximity--group nearby figures together
• similarity--group figures that are similar
• continuity--perceive continuous patterns
• closure--fill in gaps
• connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen
  as unit when connected

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Perceptual Organization

• Figure and Ground--organization of the visual
  field into objects (figures) that stand out from
  their surroundings (ground)

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• What is Depth Perception?
• ability to see objects in three dimensions
• allows us to judge distance
• Babies have this visual cliff

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Perceptual OrganizationBinocular Cues

• How do we see depth?
• Binocular cues
• retinal disparity
• eyes about 2 inches apart
• images from the two eyes differ
• closer the object, the larger the disparity
• Brain uses 2 images to compute distance of object
• Hold out finger centered over object Figure 6.8
• convergence
• neuromuscular cue
• two eyes move inward for near objects

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Perceptual Organization How we judge distance

• Monocular Cues (cues available to each eye
  separately)
• relative size
• smaller image is more distant
• interposition
• closer object blocks distant object
• relative clarity
• hazy object seen as more distant
• texture coarse, distinct --gt close fine,
  indistince --gt distant (pg 241)

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• Monocular Cues (cont.)
• relative height
• higher objects seen as more distant
• relative motion
• closer objects seem to move faster
• linear perspective
• parallel lines converge with distance (pg 242)
• relative brightness
• closer objects appear brighter

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Perceptual Constancy

• Perceptual Constancy
• perceiving objects as unchanging even as
  illumination and retinal image change
• color
• shape
• size
• Ex 244

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Perceptual Interpretation

• Perceptual Adaptation
• (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially
  displaced visual field
• prism glasses
• (film clip)

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Perceptual Set

• A mental predisposition
  to perceive one thing
  and not another
• Based on experiences,
  assumptions, expectations
• What you see in the center is
  influenced by perceptual set
• Perceptual set influenced by
• schemas

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Perception and the Human Factor

• Human Factors Psychology
• explores how people and machines interact
• explores how machine and physical environments
  can be adapted to human behaviors

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Is There Extrasensory Perception?

• Extrasensory Perception
• controversial claim that perception can occur
  apart from sensory input
• Telepathy sending thoughts, reading anothers
  mind
• Clairvoyance sensing events taking place
• Precognition knowing future events
• Parapsychology
• the study of paranormal phenomena
• ESP
• Psychokinesis (mind over matter-levitation,
  influence)