Troubleshooting Pond Problems

1
Troubleshooting Pond Problems

• Steven Patrick
• Agriculture Natural Resources
• Habersham County Northeast District

2
Assessing Pond Problems

• Be Confident
• Ask Questions
• Walk the Pond
• Ask for More Information
• Dont Be Afraid to Call for Help
• Be Confident in Delivering Your Answer

3
Disease Problems Fish Kills

• Step 1 - Assess the Situation, Numbers,
  Infected
• Step 2 - Is it a Water Quality Problem?
  
• Step 3 - Is it a Carrying Capacity
  Problem?
• Step 4 - Will Fishes Accept
  Pelleted Feed?

4
Homeowner Treatment Options

• Prevention
• Emergency Aeration
• Stop Feeding Fertilization
• Medicated Feed
• (Romet Terremycin)
• An Ounce of Prevention is Worth,
• More Than A Pound of Cure!

5
Warm Springs, GA Diagnostic Center

• Norm Heil, Fish Health Biologist
• 5308 Spring Street
• Warm Springs, GA 31830
• Phone [phone]
• FAX [phone]
• E-mail warmsprings_at_fws.gov
• http//www.fws.gov/warmsprings/FishHealth/index.ht
  ml

6
Auburn Fisheries Allied Aquaculture Diagnostic
Lab

• Parasite Disease Diagnosis
• Overnight Ship Samples
• Carl Hayden
• Fish Diagnostician
• 334-844-9220
• haydekj_at_acesag.auburn.edu

7
Aeromonas Psuedomonas Bacteria

• Most common bacterial disease
• Stress is a key trigger
• Erosion of skin lesions
• Best treatment Alleviate Stress

8
Columnaris Infections
Ulcers, reddening, erosions Quick mortality
following acute stress Late spring and early fall
Medicated Feed Copper sulfate treatments Potassiu
m permanganate treatments
9
Winter Kill
Stress of seasonal change Cottony mold
lesions Chronic high ammonia Lack of winter
feeding Salt treatments Get fish
feeding Prevention is Key!
10
ESC - Enteric Septicemia in Catfish

• Outbreaks in warm weather (75-85F)
• Chronic Spring Fall Problems
• Vaccines, Resistance, Medicated Feed
• Fishes quickly go off feed
• Skin erosion ulceration, False spots,
  Hole-in-the-head

11
Tips to Producing Top Quality Fishes

• 1 Maintain Water Quality
• An ounce of prevention in aquaculture is better
  that a pound of cure!

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pH
14
Effects of pH on Various Buffers
Percent of Total CO
2
100
-

Free CO
HCO
CO
2
3
3
50
0
5
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
pH
15
Carbon Dioxide
CH2O (food) O2 ? CO2 H2O

• Sources
• bi-product of respiration
• Removal
• intense aeration
• buffers
• calcium carbonate
• sodium bicarbonate

16
Alkalinity

• Alkalinity is the capacity of water to buffer
  against wide pH swings
• Acceptable range 20-400 mg/L

Carbonate HCO3- ? H CO3-
Bicarbonate CO2 H2O ? H HCO3-
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Hardness Alkalinity

• Hardness if the measure of divalent cations
• calcium
• magnesium
• Hardness is used as an indicator of alkalinity
  but hardness is not a measure of alkalinity
• Recommended hardness levels gt 20 ppm

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Guidelines for Application of Lime in Ponds
Total Alkalinity Lime/Surface Area

• 12 mg/l 1-2 ton
• 12 - 14 mg/l 1 ton
• 15 - 25 mg/l 1/2 ton
• 25 mg/l or more None

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Projected Dissolved Oxygen Levels
7
Measured values
6
5
mg/l
4
Projected values
3
2
1
0
5 pm
10 pm
5 am
20
Dissolved Oxygen

• Importance
• highest cause of mortality
• Solubility
• variables
• temperature (-)
• elevation (-)
• salinity (-)
• Safe levels
• greater than 5 mg/L

21
Signs of Low DO

• Water Color
• Fish not eating
• Piping Gasping
• Groups of Fish at Inflow
• Poor Growth
• Frequent Disease/Parasite Outbreaks

22
DO Management
Avoid Overfeeding Maintain Proper Densities Avoid
Over-fertilization Control Weeds
23
Nitrogen Compounds

• Types
• dissolved gas
• ammonia
• ionized
• un-ionized
• nitrite
• nitrate

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Breakdown of AmmoniaExcreted into Water by Fish
O
O
2
2
Ammonia (NH )
Nitrites (NO )
Nitrates (NO )
3
2
3
bacteria
bacteria
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Management of Nitrogen

• Reduce Densities
• Avoid Overfeeding
• Water Changes
• Aeration
• Salt

27
Chloride Salinity

• Eases Ammonia Stress
• Add Salt to 100-150 ppm chloride optimal for
  freshwater fishes
• Plain non-iodized salt
• 1 acre pond, avg depth 4 ft 42.7100 21 bags
  of salt (50 lb).

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Got a Weed Problem?
Steven Patrick Agriculture Natural
Resources Habersham County Northeast District
29

• Plant Identification
• Weed Management Techniques
• Herbicide Recommendations
• Ornamental Propogation Techniques

http//aquaplant.tamu.edu
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• 394 Weeds Covered
• Photographs
• Line Drawings
• Identification Characteristics

http//aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/
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Labels MSDS Sheets

• http//aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/labmsds.html

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Control of Weeds

• Identify the plant pest
• Assess the acreage of infestation
• Know total pond acreage, average depth, flow
  rates
• Select labeled treatment

Timing of Applications is Critical!
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Common Species to GeorgiaTriploid Grass Carp

• Stocked for Vegetation Control
• Greatest Impact at 12-24" in Length
• Metabolism Slows with Age
• 7 Years of Productivity

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Chemical Weed Control

• Aquatic Label
• Active Ingredient
• Immediate Impact
• of Applications
• Potential Problems

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Common Names Active Ingredients

• Bluestone - Copper Sulfate (Contact Herbicide)
• Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, Algae Pro,
  Clearigate, Komeen, Nautique Liquid Chelated
  Copper (Contact Herbicide)
• Navigate (Granular) (2-4 D Systemic Control)
• Weed Rhap Weedar 64 (Liquid) (2-4 D Systemic
  Control)
• Aquathol, Hydrothol endothol (Contact
  Herbicide)
• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Aquaneat Glyphosate
  (Systemic Control)
• Reward Diquat (Contact Herbicide)
• Sonar, Avast Floridone (Systemic Control)

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Herbicide Modes of ActionSystemic

• Systemic herbicides are absorbed and move within
  the plant to the site of action. Systemic
  herbicides tend to act more slowly than contact
  herbicides.
• Sonar and Avast fluridone
• Navigate and Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Habitat imazapyr.
• Renovate triclopyr
• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown Pro, and
  AquaNeatare glyphosate

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Herbicide Modes of ActionContact

• Contact herbicides act quickly and kill all
  plants cells that they contact.
• Reward diquat.
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and Clearigate
  chelated or compound copper herbicides.
• Copper Sulfate or "blue stone"

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Prices of Chemicals

• Sonar - 625 / qt
• 2, 4-D - 50 / gal
• Reward - 130 / gal
• Rodeo - 120 / gal
• Aquathol - 75 / gal
• Granular 2, 4-D 130 / 50 lb
• Quantity discounts?
• Price of chemical often decides which treatment
  alternative is best

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Choosing a Pond Consultant

• Bonded Insured
• Qualifications
• References
• Proper Equipment
• Local

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North Georgia Pond Consultants

• Aquascape Environmental
• Woodstock, GA 678 445 0077
• www.aquascape.net
• Aquatic Environmental Services
• Ball Ground, GA -770 735 3523
• www.lakework.com
• Lake Specialists and W/L Specialists
• Kennesaw, GA 770 924 1626
• Pond Doctors
• Winterville, GA 706 548 3637
• Professional Ponds
• Gainesville, GA 678 207 7631
• www.proponds.com

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Additional Pond Consultants

• Applied Aquatics Warm Springs, GA 706 328
  4434
• Aquatic Solutions Newnan, GA 770 251 3623
• Custom Outdoors Albany, GA 229 343 1491
• Estate Management Services Brunswick, GA 888
  307 6637 or 912 261 8882 www.ponds.org
• Outdoor Direction Pine Mountain 706 663 5996
• Peters Construction Company Rutledge, GA 706
  557 7283
• Southeastern Lake Management Sharpesburg, GA
  770 304 2008
• Southeastern Pond Management Auburn, AL 334
  826 9416 www.sepond.com
• Southeastern Wildlife Services Pine Mountain
  706 663 4210
• Wayne Thomaston Macon, GA 478 788 6276
• Ultimate Pond Care Services, Owen Williams Fish
  Farm Hawkinsville, GA 478 892 3144
  www.owenandwilliams.com

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Algae Planktonic Filamentous Step 1
Prevention

• Check Water Hardness/Alkalinity
• Slow/Filter Runoff
• Fertilization Problems?
• Overstocking/Overfeeding?

43
Algae Planktonic Filamentous

• Copper sulfate - bluestone (avoid if hardness is
  under 50 ppm -extremely toxic to trout)
• Cutrine, Algae Pro, K-Tea - chelated copper - see
  label 0.6 - 1.6 gal/ acre depending on product
  hardness levels.
• Endothall Copper Sulfate (1 gal 5 lbs / acre)
  -Do not irrigate or water livestock for 14 days.
  Also do not eat fish for 3 days.
• Diquat, Reward plus copper sulfate ( 1 gal / acre
  )
• Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate Green Clean Pro
  is a non-copper based alternative for algae.
• Treat 1/3 pond each 7-10 days until control is
  achieved.

44
Chara Nitella

• Common problem in ponds with low hardness and
  alkalinity that receive nitrogen from fertilizer
  or runoff.
• Copper sulfate - bluestone (avoid if hardness is
  under 50 ppm -extremely toxic to trout)
• Cutrine, Algae Pro, K-Tea - chelated copper
• Endothall Copper Sulfate (1 gal 5 lbs / acre)
  -Do not irrigate or water livestock for 14 days.
  Also do not eat fish for 3 days.
• Grass Carp - 6 - 10 / acre
• Treat 1/3 pond each 7-10 days until control is
  achieved.
• copper based compounds (E) and alkylamine salts
  of endothall (G).

Chara is crunchy has a distinct odor
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Duckweed Watermeal

• Complete irradication critical. One patch can
  lead to reinfestation.
• Sonar AS ( Fluridone) - ½ to 1 quart per acre.
• Diquat, Reward - 3/4 gallon plus 8 ounces of
  surfactant per 50 gallon tank mix.
• Diquat treatment requires professional
  experience.

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Spike Rush

• Grass Carp Moderate/Poor
• GOOD CONTROL
• Navigate or Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Reward diquat.
• Sonar or Avast floridone

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Watershield Dollar Bonnet

• Seeds Leaves Highly Prized Forage of Waterfowl.
• Slimy stems, bottoms large tuberous root make
  control difficult.
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Navigate or Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Habitat imazapyr. Use Adjuvent
• GOOD CONTROL
• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown Pro, and
  AquaNeat glyphosate. Add surfactant
• Sonar or Avast floridone

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American Lotus

• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Navigate or Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Renovate triclopyr. Add surfactant
• GOOD CONTROL
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant

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Alligator Weed
Grass Carp low preference EXCELLENT
CONTROL Habitat imazapyr. Use
Adjuvant Renovate triclopyr. Add
surfactant GOOD CONTROL Navigate or Aqua-Kleen
2 4-D Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown
Pro, and AquaNeat glyphosate. Add
surfactant Sonar or Avast floridone

• Grass Carp - Low Preference
• 2,4-D (G), glyphosate (G), triclopyr (E),
  fluridone (G), and imazapyr (E).

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Bladderwort
Notice the small air bladders on this rootless
plant. Generally submersed with finely dissected
leaves. GOOD CONTROL Navigate or Aqua-Kleen 2
4-D Reward diquat. Sonar or Avast
floridone
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Southern Niad, Coontail Hornwort

• Grass Carp - Moderate Preference
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Diquat plus Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and
  Clearigate chelated or compound copper
  herbicides
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• Sonar or Avast floridone
• GOOD CONTROL
• Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and Clearigate
  chelated or compound copper herbicides

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Egeria

• Anachris in the tropical fish trade. Whorled oval
  leaves in 4's.
• Grass Carp - High Preference
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Diquat plus Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and
  Clearigate chelated or compound copper
  herbicides
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• GOOD CONTROL
• Sonar or Avast floridone

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Eurasian Watermilfoil

• Grass Carp low preference
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Navigate or Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Reward diquat.
• Diquat plus Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and
  Clearigate chelated or compound copper
  herbicides
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• Renovate triclopyr.
• GOOD CONTROL
• Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and Clearigate
  chelated or compound copper herbicides
• Sonar or Avast floridone

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Fanwort Cabomba

• Grass Carp - Moderate Preference
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• Sonar or Avast floridone
• GOOD CONTROL
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant

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Hydrilla

• Rooted plant or floating mat. Upper leaves
  whorls of 3 while lower leaves are small and
  opposite. Serrated leaf margins -underside leaf
  toothed.
• Grass Carp - High Preference
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Diquat plus Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and
  Clearigate chelated or compound copper
  herbicides
• Sonar or Avast floridone
• GOOD CONTROL
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and Clearigate
  chelated or compound copper herbicides

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Parrots Feather

• Grass Carp - Low Preference
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Navigate or Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Diquat plus Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and
  Clearigate chelated or compound copper
  herbicides
• Sonar or Avast floridone
• GOOD CONTROL
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant
• Habitat imazapyr. Use Adjuvent
• Renovate triclopyr. Add surfactant

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Water Primrose

• Following Products Rated Excellent
• 2,4-D, Navigate and WeedRhap
• Diquat, Reward
• Triclopyr, Renovate
• Glyphosate, Rodeo, Aquamaster, Aquaneat or
  Pondmaster

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Giant Salvinia Azollo

• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Sonar or Avast floridone
• GOOD CONTROL
• Navigate and Aqua-Kleen
• 2 4-D
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant

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Smartweed

• 2, 4-D, Navigate and WeedRhap rated Excellent
• Triclopyr, Renovate rated Excellent
• Glyphosate, Rodeo, Aquamaster or Aquaneat rated
  Good

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White Water Lily

• Important Wildlife Forage.
• Cover Habitat for Fish Invertebrates.
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Navigate and Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• GOOD CONTROL
• Renovate triclopyr. Add surfactant
• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown Pro, and
  AquaNeat glyphosate. Add surfactant
• Sonar or Avast floridone

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Water Hyacinth

• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Habitat imazapyr. Use Adjuvent
• Navigate and Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant
• Renovate triclopyr. Add surfactant
• GOOD CONTROL
• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown Pro, and
  AquaNeat glyphosate. Add surfactant

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Soft Rush

• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown Pro, and
  AquaNeat glyphosate.
• 2 - 3 ounces per gallon in tank.
• Spray to wet on a sunny day.

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Cattails

• Spread by creeping rootstalks seeds.
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown Pro, and
  AquaNeat glyphosate. Add surfactant
• Habitat imazapyr. Use Adjuvant
• GOOD CONTROL
• Reward diquat.

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Pickerelweed

• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Habitat imazapyr. Use Adjuvant
• Renovate triclopyr. Add surfactant
• GOOD CONTROL
• Navigate and Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant

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Potomogeton Pond Weed

• Grass Carp - Moderate Preference
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Aquathol, Aquathol K, and Aquathol Super K
  dipotassium salts of endothall.
• Hydrothol 191 alkylamine salt of endothall.
• Sonar or Avast floridone
• GOOD CONTROL
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant
• Diquat plus Cutrine Plus, K-Tea, Captain, and
  Clearigate chelated or compound copper
  herbicides

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Water Pennywort

• Grass Carp Moderate
• EXCELLENT CONTROL
• Habitat imazapyr. Use Adjuvent
• GOOD CONTROL
• Navigate and Aqua-Kleen 2 4-D
• Reward diquat. Add surfactant
• Renovate triclopyr. Add surfactant
• Rodeo, Aquamaster, Eraser AQ, Touchdown Pro, and
  AquaNeat glyphosate. Add surfactant

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Any Questions?
[phone] stevep_at_uga.edu www.ugaextension.c
om/habersham/