Blood Pathologies

1
Blood Pathologies
2
Infectious Mononucleosis

• EBV (highly contagious, hence kissing disease)
  specifically attacks B lymphocytes ? massive T
  lymphocyte activation. T cells attack the virus
  infected B cells. ? Large numbers of oversized T
  lymphocytes circulate in blood. (Originally
  misidentified as monocytes).
• Symptoms Chronic sore throat, fatigue, fever,
  swollen LNs and splenomegaly.

3
Infectious Mononucleosis
Atypical T lymphocytes associated with
infectious mononucleosis Oversized (more
cytoplasm) and presence of nucleoli. The
cytoplasm tends to be indented by surrounding
RBC's.
4
Leukemias

• Group of cancerous conditions of WBCs.
• Named after abnormal cell type primarily
  involved.
• Acute vs. chronic. Without therapy always fatal.
• Severe anemia and blood clotting disorders due to
  suppression of normal BM function.

5
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
These mature lymphocytes are increased markedly
in number. They are indicative of chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, a disease most often seen
in older adults. This disease responds poorly to
treatment, but it is slow to develop.
6
Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML)

• This leukemia is most frequently seen in patients
  between 25 and 50 years of age. It can progress
  to acute myelogenous leukemia.
• The whole spectrum of the granulocytic series is
  seen.

7
Acute monocytic leukemia
Acute monocytic leukemia. This is a
subclassification and represents 10 of all
acute myelocytic leukemia. It has a very poor
prognosis , 6-12 months.
8
Benign White Cell Disorders Leukocytosis
.
Most common 1) neutrophilia (granulocytosis)
and 2) lymphocytosis Neutrophilia may be due
to infection, inflammation, necrosis, physical
agents, emotional stimuli, drugs,toxins,
neoplasia, metabolic, hormonal, and endocrine
disturbances, and hematologic abnormalities. In
response to inflammation or other stimuli,
neutrophils move from the marginating or storage
pool into the circulating peripheral blood. Next
bone marow reserves are shifted into the
peripheral blood and finally marrow production is
increased.
9
(No Transcript)
10
Leukopenia
abnormally low leukocyte count (below 4,000 per
mm3). Usually due to a reduction in the number of
neutrophils (neutropenia). Of itself, neutropenia
causes no symptoms, but persons with neutropenia
of any cause may suffer from frequent and severe
bacterial infections. Neutropenia may be due to
a hypersensitivity mechanism in which a drug
provokes the formation of antibodies. If the drug
happens to bind to the neutrophil, the antibody
accidentally destroys the neutrophil when it
reacts with the drug. A second important
mechanism of neutropenia is toxic damage to the
bone marrow. Chemotherapeutic agents used in the
treatment of cancer and leukemia often produce
leukopenia (and neutropenia) by damaging the bone
marrow. Drugs that cause neutropenia include pain
relievers, antihistamines, tranquilizers,
anticonvulsants, antimicrobial agents,
sulfonamide derivatives, antithyroid drugs, and
chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of
cancer and leukemia. Neutropenia also is
associated with certain types of infections
(e.g., typhoid, brucellosis, measles) and with
certain diseases involving the bone marrow
(e.g., aplastic anemia) or the spleen. In
addition, sufficiently high doses of radiation
will cause neutropenia,