Softening

1
Removing Calcium and Magnesium by Exchange with
Sodium
Softening Cycle
Regeneration Cycle
Raw Drainage
Sodium Chloride Brine at 15
Cation Resin In Sodium Form
Cation Resin with removed Calcium and Magnesium
Drainage With Calcium Magnesium Replaced by
Sodium
Irrigate Calcareous Soils To prevent Root Rot
fungus
Irrigate Calcareous Soils To prevent Root Rot
Fungus U.S.Pat No.6,374,539B1.
Spent Regeneration Brine with Removed Calcium
and Magnesium
Softened Water Additional Treatment Reverse
Osmosis or Sodium Removal by Ammonium
Ion Exchange, or Sodium Removal by
Acid Ion Exchange, or Deionization
by Acid Ion Exchange plus ammonium Ion Exchange
Dust Control /or Soil Stabilization U.S.
Pat.No. 6,071,411
Evaporation
Concentrated CaCL2 MgCl2 For Dust Control Or
Soil Stabilization U.S. Pat.No. 6,071,411
Sodium Chloride For Recycle or Sale
2
Cation Exchange Cycle
Regeneration Cycle
Water
Regeneration With Sulfuric Acid To Return To
Hydrogen Form
Resin In Hydrogen Form
Acidic Solution Of Sodium Sulfate
Acidic Water
1- USP 6,314,539 B1 USP 6,651,383 B2
for Treating Calcareous Soils 2 Increase
Cyclic Stability of Sodium Sulfate
Phase Change Energy Storage
PH control as in Cooling towers
The acidic product water is used for a
lowering the PH of alkaline soils and b - to
accelerate leaching sodium from soils (per
US Salinity Laboratories) U. S. Pat. No.
6,651,383, B2
Use in irrigation. Add Limestone, Dolomite,
Ammonia, or Ammonium Hydroxide For PH control of
water. US Pat.N0. 6,651,383 B2
Use of ion exchange with acid provides a
reduction in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) with a
simultaneous decrease in the Sodium Absorption
Ratio (SAR). The exchange of 2 ppm of hydrogen
ions replaces 40.08 ppm of calcium ions (95). 2
ppm of hydrogen ions replaces 24.32 ppm of
magnesium ions (91). 1 ppm of hydrogen ions
replaces 22.99 ppm of sodium ions (96). SAR -
ZERO Simplified Flow Sheet . SFS 1
3
Cation Exchange Cycle
Regeneration Cycle
Softened Water
Regeneration With Sulfuric Acid To Return To
Hydrogen Form
Resin In Hydrogen Form
Acidic Solution Of Sodium Sulfate
Acidic Water
Anion Exchange (1)
1- USP 6,314,539 B1 USP 6,651,383 B2
for Treating Calcareous Soils 2 Increase
Cyclic Stability of Sodium Sulfate
Phase Change Energy Storage
Weak Base Resin Hydroxyl Form
Regeneration With Ammonium Hydroxide
Product 1 Is Highly Deionized Water for
Irrigation, Industrial Use and Other
Applications Depending on Trace Element Content
(1) Pat. Applied for
Regeneration Brine Is Product 2, A Mixed
Solution Of Ammonium Sulfate and
Ammonium Chloride Fertilizers Pat. Applied for
Product 2 may be used as fertilizer or for
regeneration Of Chabosite in the removal of
cations SIMPLIFIED
FLOWSHEET SFS 2
4
Cation Exchange Cycle
Regeneration Cycle
Softened Water
Regeneration With Sulfuric Acid To Return To
Hydrogen Form
Resin In Hydrogen Form
Acidic Solution Of Sodium Sulfate
Acidic Water
Anion Exchange (2) Same as in (1) Removes Acid
Sulfate
Anion Exchange (1)
Weak Base Resin Hydroxyl Form
Regeneration With Ammonium Hydroxide
Product 4 Is A Solution Of Sodium Sulfate Treat
Root Rot, Energy Storage, Conventional
Uses U.S.Pat.N0. 6,374,539 B1
Product 1 Is Highly Deionized Water for
Irrigation, Industrial Use and Other
Applications Depending on Trace Element Content
(1) Pat. Applied for
Regeneration Brine Is Product 2, A Mixed
Solution Of Ammonium Sulfate and
Ammonium Chloride Fertilizers Pat.Applied for
Regeneration Brine Is Product 3 A Solution
Of Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer Pat Aplied for
Products (2) (3) are used as fertilizer or may
be used in ion exchange reduction of Cations
from salty water Pat. Applied for.