Reviewing Verb Tenses

1
Reviewing Verb Tenses
2
Simple Past-Preterite
We use the simple past to indicate exactly
when an action or event took place in the past.
I visited my sister yesterday. We went out to
dinner last night.
3
Simple Past- Preterite

• This is the SECOND PRINCIPAL PART
• same for all persons and numbers

I called you called (s)he called
we called you called they called
4
Simple Past- Preterite

• This is the SECOND PRINCIPAL PART
• same for all persons and numbers

I went you went (s)he went
we went you went they went
5
Weak and Strong Past

• English has two kinds of past tenses.
• One type adds ed
• The other type is not predictable.
• walk, walked carry, carried help, helped
• sing, sang know, knew buy, bought

6
First and Second Aorist

• Similarly, Greek has two types of Aorists
• FIRST AORIST which is (mostly) regular and
  predictable
• SECOND AORIST which is not predictable.
• Today we are learning FIRST AORIST only

7
Simple Past
The simple past is used to describe actions
and/or events that happened repeatedly but are
now completed and no longer true
GREEK USES THE IMPERFECT TENSE TO SHOW
THIS NEVER THE AORIST BUT FOR NOW WE WILL
ALWAYS TRANSLATE THE IMPERFECT AS was/were
----ing
I attended MJC in 1998. (I no longer attend
MJC.) I worked in New York for several years. (I
dont now.)
8
(Present) Perfect
The present perfect is used to talk about an
event that began in the past and continues up to
the present.
GREEK USES THE AORIST TENSE THIS WAY THE PERFECT
TENSE IS USED ONLY TO DENOTE A CURRENT
CONDITION RESULTING FROM A PAST ACTION
He has lived in Modesto for two years. (He
began living in Modesto two years ago and he
still lives there.)
9
(Present) Perfect

• This is the THIRD PRINCIPAL PART
• with the correct form of to have (has, have)

I have gone you have gone (s)he has gone
we have gone you have gone they have gone
10
(Present) Perfect
The present perfect is also used to talk about
an event that was completed in the past, affects
the current action or attitude, but does not
indicate a specific time in the past.
I have seen that movie before. He has already
visited Vietnam. (Specific dates and times are
not mentioned.)
11
Imperfect-Past Progressive
The imperfect (past progressive) is used to
talk about an activity that was in progress at a
specific point of time in the past.
I was studying for an exam while my mother was
cooking dinner. We were walking in the park
around 7 p.m. last night.
12
Imperfect-Past Progressive

• This is the PRESENT PARTICIPLE
• with the correct form of to be (was, were)

I was going you were going (s)he was going
we were going you were going they were going
13
Imperfect-Past Progressive
The imperfect (past progressive) is often
used with the simple past to show that one action
was in progress when another action took place.
I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang. They
were eating dinner when the neighbors stopped by
for a visit.
14
Augment

• The imperfect and aorist tenses add what is
  called augment at the beginning of the verb.
• If the first letter of the verb is a consonant,
  the augment is e.
• If the first letter of the verb is a vowel, the
  augment is a lengthening of the vowel.
• In compound verbs the augment comes after the
  prefix

15
Augment
Present
Imperfect
grafei
e1grafe
swzomen
e0swzomen
ble/pousi
e1blepon
16
Augment
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
a!geij
h1gej
e0sqi/ete
h0sqi/ete
o)fei/lete
w)fei/lete
we have not learned this verb yet
17
Augment
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
a)poktei/nw
a)pe/kteinon
sunagomen
sunh/gomen
e0kbai/nei
e0ce/baine
we have not learned this form yet
18
Tense Sign
The First Aorist Tense sign is sigma (usually)
alpha sa Sometimes sigma changes to y or c
19
Pers./Num.
Pronoun
Active End.
Middle End.
1st sing.
I
(-n)
-mhn
2nd sing.
you
-j
-so w
3rd sing.
he/she/it
- - e
-to
1st plur.
we
-men
-meqa
2nd plur.
you
-te
-sqe
3rd plur.
they
-n (-san)
-nto
20
AORIST SINGULAR
Active
Middle
Number Person
First
h1kousa
e0poreusamhn
Second
h1kousaj
e0poreu/sw
Third
h1kouse
e0poreu/sato
21
AORIST PLURAL
Active
Middle
Number Person
First
h0kou/samen
e0poreusameqa
Second
h0kou/sate
e0poreu/sasqe
Third
h1kousan
e0poreu/santo
22
Dental Sigma
The consonants d, q, z, and t are called
DENTALS because the sounds they represent
are made by putting the tongue on the teeth
When a SIGMA sound is added to a DENTAL
sound the DENTAL sound disappears and only the
SIGMA sound remains. s
23
ACTIVE SINGULAR
Present
Aorist
Number Person
First
bapti/zw
e0baptisa
Second
bapti/zeij
e0baptisaj
Third
bapti/zei
e0baptise
24
ACTIVE PLURAL
Present
Future
Number Person
First
bapti/zomen
e0bapti/samen
Second
bapti/zete
e0bapti/sate
Third
bapti/zousi
e0baptisan
25
Labial Sigma
The consonants b, p, and f are called
LABIALS because the sounds they represent
are made by putting the lips together
When a SIGMA sound is added to a LABIAL
sound the result is a sound represented in Greek
by the letter psi. y
26
ACTIVE SINGULAR
Present
Aorist
Number Person
First
pe/mpw
e1pemya
Second
pe/mpeij
e1pemyaj
Third
pe/mpei
e1pemye
27
ACTIVE PLURAL
Present
Aorist
Number Person
First
pe/mpomen
e0pe/myamen
Second
pe/mpete
e0pemyate
Third
pe/mpousi
e1pemyan
28
Palatal (Velar) Sigma
The consonants g, k, x and ss and tt are called
PALATALS or VELARS because the sounds they
represent are made by putting the tongue on the
palate (velum)
When a SIGMA sound is added to a PALATAL/VELAR
sound the result is a sound represented in Greek
by the letter xi. c
29
MIDDLE SINGULAR
Present
Aorist
Number Person
First
proseu/xomai
proshu/camhn
Second
proseu/xh
proshu/cw
Third
proseu/xetai
proshu/cato
30
MIDDLE PLURAL
Present
Aorist
Number Person
First
proseuxo/meqa
proshuca/meqa
Second
proseu/xesqe
proshu/casqe
Third
proseu/xontai
proshu/canto
31
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER agomeqa
a!gomai
If this is a DEPONENT, the dictionary form would
be
But if we look up a!gomai we will find nothing
a!gw
So we need to look under
and this is the form we will find in the
dictionary
32
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER e1rxetai
e1rxomai
If this is a DEPONENT, the dictionary form would
be
If we look up e1rxomai we find it
33
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER e0keleu/san
THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES
keleu/zw
keleu/tw
-----------
-----------
keleuw
keleu/dw
keleu/qw
-----------
-----------
34
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER e1graye
THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES
grapw
grafw
----------
grabw
----------
35
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER e0peisameqa
THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES
pei/dw
pei/qw
-------
--------
pei/w
pei/omai
pei/domai
pei/qomai
----------
------------
------------
pei/zw
pei/zomai
--------
-----------
36
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER h1rcasqe
THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES
h1rkw
h1rssw
--------
---------
h1rgw
--------
h1rgomai
h1rkomai
h1rssomai
-----------
-----------
-------------
h1rxw
h1rxomai
--------
-----------
37
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER h1rcasqe
THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES
e1rkw
e1rssw
--------
---------
e1rgw
--------
e1rgomai
e1rkomai
e1rssomai
-----------
-----------
-------------
e1rxw
e1rxomai
--------
-----------
38
Finding the DICTIONARY FORM
CONSIDER h1rcasqe
THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBILITIES
a!rkw
a!rssw
--------
---------
a!rgw
--------
a!rgomai
a!rkomai
a!rssomai
-----------
-----------
-------------
a!rxw
a!rxomai
-----------