Keys to 2402 Models

1
Keys to 2402 Models

• Photographs and Keys by
• Jeff Beck
• Department of Math and Natural Sciences
• Collin County Community College

2
1. Frontal bone (Os frontale) 2. Temporal bone (
Os temporale) 3. Sphenoid bone (Os
sphenoidale) 4. Occipital bone (Os occipitale) 5.
Parietal bone (Os parietale) 6. Ethmoid bone (Os
ethmoidale) 7. Maxilla (upper jaw) 8. Zygomatic
bone (Os zygomaticum) 9. Palatine bone (Os
palatinum) 10. Lacrimal bone (Os lacrimale) 11.
Inferior nasal concha (Concha nasalis
inferior) 12. Nasal bone (Os nasale) 13.
Vomer 14. Mandible (lower jaw) 15. 21. Cervical
vertebrae
3

• Endocrine glands and their parts
• Pituitary gland or hypophysis
• Adenohypophysis
• Neurohypophysis
• Infundibulum
• Thyroid gland
• Lateral lobe of thyroid
• Isthmus of thyroid
• Parathyroid gland
• Suprarenal or adrenal gland
• Capsule of suprarenal gland
• Cortex of suprarenal gland
• Medulla of suprarenal gland
• Pancreatic islets of Langerhans
• Alpha cells of pancreatic islets
• Beta cells if pancreatic islets
• Testis or testicle (male)
• Seminiferous tubules
• Epididymis

4

• BRAIN
• End brain
• Interbrain
• Midbrain
• Afterbrain
• Marrowbrain
• I, II, III Cerebrum
• Superior longitudinal sinus
• Tentorium cerebelli
• Little brain
• a. arbor vitae cerebelli
• Trabs cerebri
• a. rostrum corporis callosi
• b. genu corporis callosi
• Septum pellucidum
• Fornix
• Anterior commissure
• Middle commissure
• Posterior commissure

5

• Hyoid bone
• Larynx
• 2. Thyroid cartilage
• 3. Annular cartilage
• 4. Epiglottis
• 5. Arytenoid cartilage
• 6. Thyrohyoid membrane
• 7. Thyrohyoid muscle
• 8. M. cricothyroideus
• 9. M. arytaenoideus transverses
• 10. M. arytaenoideus obliquus
• 11. Posterior crycoarytenoid muscle
• 12. Laryngeal pouch
• 13. Superior laryngeal artery
• 14. Inferior thyroid vein
• B. Thyroid gland

6

• Heart apex
• Interventricular septum
• Right auricle
• Left auricle
• Right auricular appendage
• Left auricular appendage
• Right ventricle
• Left ventricle
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
• Tricuspid valve
• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary veins
• Bicuspid valve
• Aorta
• Semilunar valves
• Chordae tendinae

2. Papillary muscles 3. Ascending branch of the
aorta 4. Right coronary artery 5. Left coronary
artery 6. Great heart vein 7. Arch of the aorta
7

• Aorta
• Brachiocephalic artery
• Left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery
• Superficial cardiac plexus
• Left vagus nerve
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Ligamentum arteriosus
• Left pulmonary artery
• Left bronchus
• Left bronchial artery
• Pulmonary nerve plexus
• Intercostal arteries
• Thoracic duct
• Azygos vein
• Esophagus
• Right vagus nerve
• Right bronchial artery
• Trachea

30. Apex
47. Azygos vein
64.
Crista supraventricularis

31. Pulmonary artery
48. Left pulmonary veins
65. Tricuspid
valve, anterior cusp 32. Aorta
49.
Right pulmonary veins
66. Tricuspid valve, posterior
cusp 33. Pericardium
50. Marginal branch of
right coronary artery 67. Tricuspid
valve, medial cusp 34. Superior vena cava
51. Coronary
sulcus
68. Anterior papillary muscle 35. Right
coronary artery
52. Anterior interventricular sulcus
69. Posterior papillary
muscle 36. Anterior cardiac veins
53. Crista terminalis
70.
Septal papillary muscle 37. Left coronary artery
54.
Sinoatrial node
71. Trabeculae carnae 38.
Anterior interventricular artery
55. Atrioventricular node
72. Right branch of bundle
of His 39. Circumflex artery
56. Opening of coronary sinus
73. Moderator
band 40. Great cardiac vein
57. Limbus fossa ovalis
74.
Pulmonary conus 41. Marginal branch of left
coronary artery 58. Fossa ovalis

75. Pulmonary semilunar valve, posterior
42. Oblique vein of
left atrium 59. Valvula
venae cavae
76. Pulmonary semilunar valve,
anterior 43. Coronary sinus
60. Musculus pectinatus
77.
Pulmonary semilunar valve, anterior 44. Dorsal
interventricular vein 61.
Tricuspid valve anterior cusp
78. Foramen ovale 45. Left dorsal
ventricular vein 62.
Tricuspid valve medial cusp
79. Opening of pulmonary vein 46.
Inferior vena cava
63. Tricuspid valve posterior cusp
80. Bicuspid valve,
anterior cusp


81. Bicuspid valve,
posterior cusp


82. Anterior papillary
muscle


83. Chordae tendinae



84. Posterior papillary muscle


85.
Trabecular carnae


86. Aortic semilunar
valve, right anterior


87. Aortic
semilunar valve, left anterior


8

• The major parts of the circulatory system
  15. Aorta
  37. Tunica media
• Heart
  16. Inominate atery
  38. Tunica externa
• Circulatory system
  17. Left common carotid
• Vein
  18. Subclavian artery
• Artery
  19. Epicardium
• Principal structures of the heart
  20. Myocardium
• Muscle wall of right ventricle
  21. Endocardium
• Muscle wall of left ventricle
  
• Intraventricular septum
  22. Heart
• Right atrium
  23. Kidneys
• Left atrial wall
  27. Abdominal aorta
• Papillary muscles
  28. Femoral arteries
• Tricuspid valve
  29. Arteries
• Bicuspid valve
  30. Subclavian arteries
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
  31. Arteries
• Aortic semilunar valve
  32. Arteries
• Superior vena cava
  33. Wall of vein
• Inferior vena cava
  34. Valve in vein
• Pulmonary artery
  35. Typical artery

9

• Vena frontalis
• Vena temporalis supervicialis
• Superficial temporal artery
• 3a. Maxillary artery
• Occipital artery
• Supratrochlear artery
• Angular artery and vein
• Facial artery and vein
• 7a. Lingual artery
• Retromandibular vein
• Vena jugularis interna
• Superior thyroid artery
• Vertebral artery
• Thyrocervical trunk
• Costocervical trunk
• Transverse scapular artery
• Subclavian artery and vein
• Superior vena cava
• Common carotid artery

46. Vena pulmonalis 47. Pulmonary artery 48.
Truncus pulmonalis 49. Lung (left) 50. Right
atrium 51. Left atrium 52. Right ventricle 53.
Left ventricle 54. Aortic valve 55. Pulmonary
valve 56. Interventricular septum 57. Midriff 58.
Liver 59. Venae hepaticae 60. Gastric veins,
right and left 61. Common hepatic artery 61a.
Truncus coeliacus 62. Superior mesenteric
vein 63. Inferior vena cava 64. Renal artery and
vein 65. Superior mesenteric artery 66. Lienal
artery and vein 67. Left gastric artery 68. Aorta
abdominalis 69. Inferior mesenteric artery 72.
Common iliac artery and vein 73. External iliac
artery and vein 74. Middle sacral artery 75.
Internal iliac artery and vein 76. Ascending
branch of the lateral femoral circumflex
artery 77. Descending branch of the
lateral femoral circumflex artery 78.
Femoral artery 79. Deep femoral artery 80.
Popliteal artery and vein 81. Posterior tibial
artery 82. Anterior tibial artery 83. Arteria
dorsalis pedis 84. Lateral plantar artery 85.
Superficial artery 86. Vena profunda femoris 87.
Medial femoral circumflex artery 88.
External pudendal artery 89. Vena femoralis 91.
Vena saphena parva 93. Perforating arteries 95.
Medial superior genicular artery 95a.
Lateral superior genicular artery 96.
Lateral inferior genicular artery 96a.
Medial inferior genicular artery
97. Highest genicular artery 98. Communicating
perforating artery 99. Vena saphena
magna 100. Rete venosum dorsale
pedis 101. Arteria dorsalis pedis 102. Arcute
artery 103. Arcus venosus dorsalis
pedis 104. Dorsal metatarsal arteries 104a.Venae
digitales pedis dorsales 106. Anterior
tibial artery
Human blood circulation model
10

• Transverse sinus
  23. Olfactory bulb
• Straight sinus
  24. Olfactory tract
• Superior sagittal sinus
  25. Optic nerve
• Great vein of the cerebrum
  26. Oculomotor nerve
• 2. Sigmoid sinus
  27. Trochlear nerve
• 3. Superior petrous sinus
  28. Trigeminal nerve
• 4. Inferior petrous sinus
  29. Trigeminal ganglion
• 5. Cavernous sinus
  30. Ophthalmic nerve
• 6. Intercavernous sinuses
  31. Maxillary nerve
• 7. Occipital sinus
  32. Mandibular nerve
• 8. Internal carotid artery
  33. Abducens nerve
• 9. Ophthalmic artery
  34. Intermediate nerve
• 11. Posterior communicating artery
  35. Facial nerve
• 12. Posterior cerebral artery
  36. Nervus vestibulocochlearis
• 13. Basilar artery
  37. Glossopharyngeal nerve
• 14. Superior artery of the cerebellum
  38. Vagus nerve
• 15. Artery of the labyrinth
  39. Accessory nerve
• 16. Inferior anterior artery of the cerebellum
  40. Hypoglossal nerve
• 17. Vertebral artery
  41. Cervical nerves

11

• The Human Brain
• TELENCEPHALON
• Frontal lobe 17. Choroid plexus 36. Pons
• Parietal lobe 18. Hippocampus 37. Medulla
  oblongata
• Occipital lobe Diencephalon 38. Olive
• Temporal lobe 19. Thalamus 39. Pyramid
• Central sulcus 20. Hypothalamic sulcus 40. first
  cervical nerve
• Precentral gyrus 21. Hypothalamus Cervical
  Nerves
• Postcentral gyrus 22. Interthalamic adhesion I.
  Olfactory
• Olfactory bulb 23. Pineal body II. Optic
• Anterior commissure 24. Left mamillary
  body III. Oculomotor
• Corpus callosum 25. Pituitary gland IV.
  Trochlear
• a. Genu 26. Choroid plexus V. Trigeminal
• b. Trunk 27. Caudate nucleus VI. Abducens
• c. Splenium 28. Pulvinar VII. Facial
• d. Rostrum 29. Medial geniculate body VIII.
  Vestibulocochlear
• 11. Septum pellucidum 30. Lateral geniculate
  body IX. Glossopharyngeal
• 12. Fornix 31. Quadrigeminal lamina X. Vagus
• 13. Posterior commissure 32. Tegmentum XI.
  Accessory

12

• ARTERIES
• Axillary
• Humeral circumflex
• Brachial
• Brachial profunda
• Superior ulnar collateral
• Inferior ulnar collateral
• Anterior ulnar recurrent
• Radial
• Ulnar
• Anterior Interosseous
• Posterior Interosseous
• Deep palmar arch
• Superficial Palmar arch
• Middle collateral
• Radial collateral
• VEINS
• 16. Median

13

• Placenta
• Fetal side of the placenta
• Maternal side of the placenta,
• with maternal veins
• Fetal membrane
• Umbilical cord
• Umbilical vein
• Umbilical arteries
• Umbilical ligament
• Liver
• 9a. Ductus venosus Arantii
• Heart
• Portal vein
• Lower vena cava
• Right vestibule
• Foramen ovale
• Upper vena cava
• Right ventricle
• Tricuspid valve

22. Bicuspid valve 23. Aortic arch 24. Ductus
arteriosus Botalli 25. Descending aorta 26.
Diaphragm 27. Thymus 28. Right lung 29. Left
lung 30. Windpipe 31. Oesophagus 32. Stomach 33.
Duodenum 34. Pancreas 35. Spleen 36. Kidney 37.
Adrenal gland 38. Renal duct 39. Bladder 40.
Womb 41. Ovary 42. Rectum
14

• Occipital lymph nodes
• Superficial cervical lymph nodes
• Cubital lymph nodes
• Deep cervical lymph nodes
• Axillary lymph nodes
• Right lymphatic duct
• Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
• Hepatic lymph nodes
• Coeliac lymph nodes
• Common iliac lymph nodes
• Inguinal lymph nodes
• Parotid gland lymph nodes
• Submandibular lymph nodes
• Submental lymph nodes
• Jugular trunk
• Thoracic duct
• Subclavian trunk
• Bronchial lymph nodes
• Cisterna chyli

• Right venous angle
• Right lung
• Liver
• Gall bladder
• Portal vein
• Caecum with appendix vermiformis
• Bifurcation of trachea
• Stomach
• Transverse colon

15

• Nose
• Nostril
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx (nasal part)
• Pharynx (oral part)
• Pharynx (laryngeal part)
• Upper lip
• Lower lip
• Hard palate
• 9a. Uvula
• Mandible
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Oral cavity
• Epiglottis
• Larynx
• Thyroid cartilage of larynx
• Cricoid cartilage of thyroid
• Vocal cords

16

• Hyoid bone
• Larynx
• 2. Thyroid cartilage
• 3. Annular cartilage
• 4. Epiglottis
• 5. Arytenoid cartilage
• 6. Thyrohyoid membrane
• 7. Thyrohyoid muscle
• 8. M. cricothyroideus
• 9. M. arytaenoideus transversus
• 10. M. arytaenoideus obliquus
• 11. Posterior crycoarytenoid muscle
• 12. Laryngeal pouch
• 13. Superior laryngeal artery
• 14. Inferior thyroid vein
• B. Thyroid gland

c. Inferior lobe Left lung d. Superior lobe e.
Inferior lobe

• C. Windpipe
• Bifurcation of the windpipe
• Right principal bronchus
• Right vena subclavia
• 3a. Right subclavian artery
• Right common carotid artery
• Right vena jugularis interna
• Right vena brachiocephalica
• Trunk of brachiocephalica artery
• Left pulmonary artery
• D. Gullet
• E. Lung
• Right lung
• Superior lobe
• Middle lobe

17

• Left half of the nasal cavity
  18. Large anterior
  palatine nerve
• Frontal bone with portion of frontal sinus
  19. Ramilication of the large
  anterior palatine
• Nasal bone
  nerve on the
  lower surface of the hard palate
• Maxilla
  20. Anterior or
  superficial branch
• Palatine bone
  21. Spheno-palatine
  artery and vein
• Sphenoid bone with sphenoid sinus
  22. Anterior nasal artery and vein
• Superior nasal concha
  23. Olfactory nerves,
  outer group
• Middle nasal concha
• Inferior nasal concha
  B. Right half of nasal
  cavity with septum
• Upper nasal meatus
  24. Nasal septum
• Middle nasal meatus
  25. Olfactory nerve,
  inner group
• Inferior nasal meatus
  26. Posterior nasal
  artery and vein
• Opening of the Eustachian tube
  27. Nasopalatine nerve
• Foramen of the sphenoid sinus
  28. Canal of Scarpa
• Foramen of naso-lacrimal canal
  29. Soft palate
• Olfactory tract
  30. Uvula
• Olfactory bulb
  31. Roof of mouth
  cavity
• Spheno-palatine ganglion
  32. Mucous lining of nasal
  and mouth cavity

18

• Hyoid bone
• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Epiglottis
• Arytenoid cartilages
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid glands

19

• Hyoid bone
• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Epiglottis
• Arytenoid cartilages
• Corniculate cartilage
• Trachea

20

• Intra-pulmonary bronchi
  21. Anastomosis between
  brachial artery
• Non-cartilaginous bronchioles
  and pulmonary vein
• Respiratory bronchioles
  22. Alveolar capillary network
• Alveoli
  23. Anastomosis of
  an obstructed artery
• Mucous membrane
  and pulmonary vein
• Elastic fibers
  24. Dense capillary
  network
• Smooth muscle
  25. Anastomosis between
  pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary plexus
  and vein
• Mucous glands of the bronchi
• Fibro-cartilaginous layer
• Pulmonary pleura
• Limiting membranes
• Dense capillaries
• Collaginous fibers
• Elastic fibers
• Epithelium
• Bronchial vein plexus
• Pulmonary vein
• Pulmonary artery

21

• Hard palate
• Soft palate
• 2a. Uvula
• Genioglossus muscle
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Cardiac orifice
• Epigastric fossa
• Lesser curvature
• Greater curvature
• Gastric canal
• Pylorus
• Duodenum
• Longitudinal fold of the duodenum
• Bile duct
• Excretory duct of the pancreas
• Gall bladder
• Pancreas

22

• Mouth
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Parotid salivary gland
• Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
• 6. Pharynx
• 7. Esophagus
• 8. Stomach
• 9. Liver
• 10. Gallbladder
• 11. Duodenum
• 12. Pancreas
• 13. Jejunum
• 14. Ileum
• 15. Ileocecal valve
• 16. Cecum
• 17. Ascending colon
• 18. Right colic flexure
• 19. Transverse colon

23

• Central incisors
  17. Crown of tooth (corona dentis)
• Lateral incisors
  18. Root of tooth (Radix dentis)
• Canines or Cuspids
  19. Enamel
• First premolars (Bicuspids)
  20. Dentine
• Second premolars (Bicuspids)
  21. Pulp cavity
• First molars
  22. Pulp canal
• Second molars
  23. Cementum
• Third nolars
  24. Apical foramen
• Transverse palatine folds
  25. Gum
• Hard palate
  26. Periodontal membrane
• Soft palate
  27. Rim of alveolus
• Pharyngopalatine arch
  28. Alveolar bone
• Uvula
  29. Haversian canal
• Alveolar nerve
  30. Bone of lower jaw
• Alveolar artery
• Vein

24
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
D 10/1 lower incisor tooth D 10/2 lower
canine tooth D 10/3 lower premolar tooth D
10/4 lower molar tooth with caries D 10/5
upper molar tooth 1. crown of the tooth
2. dental neck 3. prong
4. enamel 5. tooth cement 6.
dentin 7. tooth pulp with veins,
arteries and nerves
25

• Stomach
• Small curvature
• Great curvature
• 2. Gullet
• 3. Cardiac orifice
• 4. Fundus of stomach
• 5. Main part of stomach
• 6. Pylorus
• 7. Ruga gastrica
• 8. Mucous coat of the stomach
• 9. Muscular coat of the stomach
• 10. Left artery of the stomach
• 11. Right artery of the stomach
• 12. Superior part of the duodenum

26

• Serous tunica
• Subserous tela
• Longitudinal fibers
• Oblique fibers and circular layer of fibers
• Submucous tela
• Blood vessels and nerves of submucous tela
• Muscular mucous lamina
• Fundus glands
• Epithelium
• Mucous tunica
• Gastric foveolae
• Gastric areas
• Lymph follicles

27

• Villus
• Intestinal epithelium
• Capillary network
• Venule
• Arteriole
• Crypt of Lieberkuhn
• Central Lacteal
• Lamina propria
• Muscle fibers
• Circular muscle layer
• Longitudinal muscle layer
• 10. 11. Muscularis mucosa
• 12. Arteriole
• 13. Submucosa
• 14. Circular muscle layer
• 15. Longitudinal muscle layer
• 14. 15. Muscularis externa
• 16. Serosa
• 17. Adipose tissue

28

• Right lobe of the liver
• Left lobe of the liver
• Quadrate lobe
• Caudate lobe
• Fossa for the gall bladder
• Left liver fissure
• Portal fissure
• Round ligament of the liver
• Gall bladder
• Cystic duct
• Hepatic duct
• Bile duct
• Hepatic artery
• Portal vein
• Hepatic veins
• Branches of the left segmental cleft
• Median vein
• Branches of the ventral segmental cleft
• Branches of the dorsal segmental cleft

29

• ANTERIOR ASPECT
• Head
• Body
• Tail
• Attachment of transverse mesocolon
• Common bile duct
• Principal pancreatic duct (Wirsungs)
• Accessory pancreatic duct (Santorinis)
• POSTERIOR ASPECT
• 8. Lingula (uncinate) process
• 9. Portal vein
• 10. Superior mesenteric vein
• 11. Inferior mesenteric vein
• 12. Splenic vein
• 13. Splenic artery
• 14. Superior (dorsal) pancreatic artery
• 15. Great pancreatic artery
• 16. Transverse (inferior) pancreatic artery

30

• Body of pancreas
  23. Lower extremity
  45. Splenic vein
• Head of pancreas
  24. Gastrolienal ligament
  46. Portal vein
• Tail of pancreas
  25. Inferior surface of liver
  47. Gastric artery
• Pancreatic duct
  26. Gall bladder
  48. Splenic artery
• Accessory pancreatic duct
  27. Fundus of gall bladder
  49. Renal artery
• Papilla major of duodenum
  28. Neck of gall bladder
  50. Renal vein
• Papilla minor of duodenum
  29. Cystic duct with spiral valve
  51. Renal artery
• Duodenum
  30. Hepatic duct
  52. Renal vein
• Descending portion of duodenum 31.
  Common bile duct
  53. Hilus of kidney
• Inferior portion of duodenum
  32. Coeliac artery
  54. Right ureter
• Ascending portion of duodenum 33.
  Gastroduodenal artery 55.
  Left ureter
• Right suprarenal gland
  34. Pancreactico-duodenal artery
  56. Portal vein
• Left suprarenal gland
  35. Hepatic artery
  57. Hepatic veins
• Right kidney
  36. Superior mesenteric artery
  58. Hepatic ducts
• Left kidney
  37. Intestinal arteries
  59. Hepatic artery
• Spleen
  38. Middle colic artery
• Hilus of spleen
  39. Splenic artery
• Renal surface
  40. Suprarenal arteries and veins
• Gastric surface
  41. Portal vein

31

• 1. Kidney
  10. Adrenal gland
• Cortex
  11. Uterus
• Medulla
  12. Truncus coeliacus
• Renal pelvis
  13. Common hepatic artery
• Renal calyx
  14. Lienal artery
• Renal papilla
  15. Superior mesenteric artery
• Renal vein
  16. Inferior mesenteric artery
• Inferior vena cava
  17. Testicular/ovarian artery
• Renal artery
  18. Left testicular/ovarian vein
• Abdominal aorta 19.
  Common iliac artery
• Ureter
  20. External iliac artery
• Urinary bladder
  21. Internal iliac artery
• Apex of bladder
  22. Transversus abdominis muscle
• Base of bladder
  23. Quadratus lumborum muscle
• Corps of bladder 24.
  Iliacus muscle
• Ostium ureteris
  25. Psoas major muscle
• Trigone of bladder 26.
  Anterosuperior Iliac spine
• Urethra
  27. Symphysis
• Prostate gland

32

• Right kidney 22. Right
  kidney 43.
  Capillary bed
• Left kidney 23.
  Fibrous outside capsule
• Ureters 24.
  Renal pelvis
• Bladder 25.
  Major calyx
• Urethra 26.
  Minor calyces
• Adrenal glands 27.
  Sieve-like papillae
• Inferior vena cava 28. Cortex
• Abdominal aorta 29. Pyramid
• Iliac vein 30.
  Papilla of the pyramid
• Iliac artery 31.
  Arcuate arteries
• Right renal vein 32.
  Interlobar arteries
• Left renal vein 33.
  Bowmans capsule
• Right renal artery 34.
  Glomerulus
• Left renal artery 35.
  Afferent arteriole
• Parts of the rib cage 36. Efferent
  arteriole
• Diaphragm 37.
  Proximal tubule
• Esophagus 38.
  Descending loop
• Psoas major muscle 39. Ascending
  loop
• Spinal column 40. Loop of
  Henle

33

• Cortex
• Medulla
• Renal artery
• Renal vein
• Renal pyramid
• Interlobar arteries
• Interlobar veins
• Arcuate veins
• Interlobar arteries
• Interlobar veins
• Arcuate veins
• Minor calyx
• Major calyx
• Columns of Bertini
• Renal Pelvis
• Renal papilla
• Ureter
• Suprarenal gland
• Suprarenal vein

34

• Cortex of the kidney
• Medulla of the kidney
• Medulla of the kidney
• Corpuscle of the kidney
• Proximal tubule
• Convoluted part
• Straight part
• Henles loop
• 3. Distal tubule
• 4. Collecting tubule
• 5. Papillary duct
• 6. Arcuate artery and vein
• 7. Interlobular artery and vein
• 8. Afferent vessel
• 9. Efferent vessel
• 10. Glomerulus

• Afferent vessel
• Glomerulus
• Efferent vessel
• Podocytes
• Bowmans capsula
• Proximal tubule
• Distal tubule

• Cortex of the kidney
• Medulary substance
• Renal vein
• Renal artery
• Vein arciform of the kidney
• Artery arciform of the kidney
• Capillary bed
• Veins interlobular of the kidney
• Arteries interlobular of the kidney
• Afferent vessel
• 10. Ureter
• 11. Pelvis of ureter
• 12. Large renal calyx
• 13. Papillary foramina
• 14. Renal papilla
• 15. Papillary duct
• 16. Curvature part of urinary tubules
• 17. Henles loop
• 18. ,Curvature part of urinary tubules

35

• Cortex of the kidney
• Medulla of the kidney
• Medulla of the kidney
• Corpuscle of the kidney
• Proximal tubule
• Convoluted part
• Straight part
• Henles loop
• 3. Distal tubule
• 4. Collecting tubule
• 5. Papillary duct
• 6. Arcuate artery and vein
• 7. Interlobular artery and vein
• 8. Afferent vessel
• 9. Efferent vessel
• 10. Glomerulus

• Afferent vessel
• Glomerulus
• Efferent vessel
• Podocytes
• Bowmans capsula
• Proximal tubule
• Distal tubule

• Cortex of the kidney
• Medulary substance
• Renal vein
• Renal artery
• Vein arciform of the kidney
• Artery arciform of the kidney
• Capillary bed
• Veins interlobular of the kidney
• Arteries interlobular of the kidney
• Afferent vessel
• 10. Ureter
• 11. Pelvis of ureter
• 12. Large renal calyx
• 13. Papillary foramina
• 14. Renal papilla
• 15. Papillary duct
• 16. Curvature part of urinary tubules
• 17. Henles loop
• 18. ,Curvature part of urinary tubules

36

• Renal Corpuscle
• Proximal Convoluted Tubule
• Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
• Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle
• Distal Convoluted Tubule
• Collecting Duct
• Afferent Arteriole
• Efferent Arteriole
• Peritubular Capillaries
• Vasa Recta
• Venule

37

• Testis
• Epididymis
• Ductus deferens
• Ampulla of ductus deferens
• Seminal vesicle
• Ejaculatory duct
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral gland
• Urethra
• Penis
• Corpus cavernosum of penis
• Corpus spongiosum of penis
• Glans of penis
• Fossa navicularis of urethra
• Prepuce or foreskin of penis
• Scrotum
• Head of sperm
• Nucleus
• Vacuole

38

• Testicle
• Posterior margin
• Anterior margin
• Superior pole
• Inferior pole
• B. Epididymis
• 5. Head of epididymis
• 6. Body of epididymis
• 7. Tail of epididymis
• 8. Lobules of epididymis
• 9. Canal of the epididymis
• C. Internal and external coat of testicle
• 10. Internal coat
• 10a. Lamina parietalis
• 11. Cremaster muscle
• 12. External coat of testicle
• 13. Dartos

• D. Spermatic cord 27.
  
  48. Levator ani muscle
  
• 15. Spermatic duct b.
  Dorsal artery of the penis
  49. Sphincter ani externus
• 16. Pampiniform plexus 28.
  Prepuce
  50. Sphincter ani internus
• 17. Testicular artery 29.
  Frenulum of the prepuce 51.
  Sphincter urethrae
• 
  30. Glans
  52. Urogenital triangle
• E. Seminal vesicle 31.
  Corona glandis
  53. Ischio-cavernosus muscle
• 18. Excretory duct 32.
  Collum glandis
  54. Bulbo-cavernosus muscle
• 
  
• F. Prostate
  H. Scrotum
  55. Femoral artery
• 19. Colliculus seminalis 33.
  Septum scroti
  a. Internal epigastric artery
• 20. Ejaculatory duct
  
  56. Femoral vein
• 
  34. Pubic bone
  a. Inferior epigastric vein
• G. Penis
  35. Pubic symphysis
  57. Internal pudendal artery
• 21. Bulbo-urethral gland 36.
  Ischium
  58. Internal pudendal vein
• 22. Urethra masculina 37.
  Ilium
  59. Pudendal nerve
• Intra-bulbar fossa 38. Rectus
  abdominis muscle 60.
  Bladder-body
• Portio intermedia a. sheath
  of the rectus abdominis 61. Apex of
  bladder
• Navicular fossa 39. Linea
  alba
  62. Middle umbilical ligament
• External urethral orifice 40. Inguinal
  canal 63.
  Peritoneum

39

• Ovary
• Fallopian tube
• Fimbria of the fallopian tube
• Fallopian tube/uterus junction
• Uterus
• Cervix of the uterus
• Isthmus of the uterus
• Fundus of the uterus
• Vagina
• Vaginal orifice
• Labium minus
• Labium majus
• Clitoris
• Fornix of the uterus
• Recto-uterine pouch
• Mature ovum
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm of ovum
• Zona pellucida

40

• Labium majus pudenda
  16. Ureter
• Labium minus pudenda
  17. Rectum
• Clitoris
  18. Sphincter ani externus
• Hymen
  19. Sphincter ani internus
• Vagina
• Body of uterus
• Neck of uterus
• Vaginal portion (cervix)
• Uterine cavity
• Uterine tube
• Ovarian fimbria
• Ovary
• Ligament of the ovary
• Round ligament of the uterus
• Urinary bladder

41

• Lymph nodes
• Ribs
• Overlying fat
• Lymphatic vessels
• Pectoralis major
• Pectoralis minor
• Serratus anterior
• Abdominal oblique external
• Intercostals
• Path of thoracic lymph vessels
• Areola
• Lactiferous sinus
• Lactiferous
• Suspensory ligaments
• Lactiferous glands
• Underlying connective tissue

42

• Mature ovum
  14. Embryonic vesicle 35.
  Allantoic diverticulum
  
• Fertilization of ovum 15.
  Implantation of vesicle 36. Body
  stalk
• Cleavage/Four cell stage 16.
  Corpus of uterus 37.
  Extra embryonic coelum
• Morula
  17. Fundus of uterus
  38. Chorion
• Embryonic vesicle
  18. Myometrium of uterus 39.
  Placental villi
• Developing embryo/21 days 19.
  Cervix of uterus 40.
  Developing umbilical cord
• Embryo/Fifth week 20.
  Endometrium 41.
  Forebrain area
• 
  21. Vagina
  42. Midbrain
• Ovary
  22. Nucleus of ovum
  43. Hindbrain
• Primary Oocyte
  23. Zona pellucida of ovum 44. Eye
• Oocyte with corona radiata 24.
  Corona radiata of ovum 45. Developing
  outer ear
• Developing follicles
  25. Sperm cell/spermatozoon 46. heart
  prominence
• Ovulating follicle
  26. Yolk sac
  47. Liver prominence
• Corpus luteum
  27. Embryonic disk 48.
  Differentiating somites
• Corpus albicans
  28. Amnion
  49. Tail
• Mature discharged ovum 29.
  Embryonic placenta 50. Digital
  rays of hand
• Fimbriated end of oviduct 30.
  Body of embryo 51. Toe
  rays
• Ovum in oviduct
  31. Amnion/amnionic cavity 52. Embryo
  with membranes
• Oviduct
  32. Developing heart

43

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Human Ovum
• Corona Radiata
• Zona pellucida
• Egg-plasma with yolk
• Female pronucleus
• Spermatozoid

44

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Entering of the Spermatozoid
• Zona pellucida
• Fertilization membrane (Between 1 and 2 the
  perivitelline space).
• Protoplasm
• Female pronucleus

45

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Formation of the Second Polocyte
• Chromosomes
• Spindle
• Sperm nucleus
• First polar body

46

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Nuclear Copulation
• Female pronucleus with female chromosomes
• Sperm nucleus with male chromosomes
• Centrosome
• First and second polar body

47

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Female Pronucleus moves towards the Center
• Female pronucleus
• Sperm nucleus
• First and second polar body

48
Development of the Human Embryo Unicellular
Stage 1. First and second polar body.
49
Development of the Human Embryo Bicellular
stage 1. First and second polar body
50
Development of the Human Embryo Four-cell
stage 1. First and second polar body.
51

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Sixteen-cell stage
• Centriole
• Resting nucleus
• First and second polar body

52
The human ovum with a diameter of 120 to 150
micrometers is the greatest cell of the body. In
its cell nucleus of about 30 micrometers there is
a big nuclear corpuscle. The body consists, for
its greater part, of germinal plasma (idioplasma)
and contains only little yolk as nutritive plasma
(deutoplasm). The human embryo, therefore, must
soon take its foodstuffs from the mother. A
membrane, the area pellucida, envelops the ovum.
It prevents an untimely nidation of the embryo
into the mucous membrane of the uterine tube.
Fine pores serve to absorb foodstuffs. Male
generative cells, spermatozoa, secrete a
biochemical catalyzer (hyaluronidase), by the
help of which they break through the membrane.
Only one male generative cell gets into an ovum
to be fecundated. The intrusion of the
spermatozoon is called impregnation. Then the
ovum accomplishes its last maturation division.
Henceforth it is called a spermovium(fertilized
egg). Now follows the unification of the nuclei
of the ovum and the male generative cell.
53
In the next genetic phase the fertilized
macrogamete divides into 2 cells (blastomeres)
The area pellucida still exists.
54
After 24 hours other cell divisions have taken
place. The daughter cells do not reach the size
of the mother cells, so that the whole embryo is
not greater than the spermovium.This process is
called segmentation.
55
During the further divisions an odd number of
cells may also occur, as the segmentation
processes are not always synchronous.
56
There finally arises an association of smaller
cells resembling a mulberry, and therefore called
morula. The embryo gets to the uterine cavity
within 7 days. The area pellucida envelops it
only uncompletely.
57
On the 7th day liquid develops within the morula,
and the cells limit a cavity (blastocele). This
stage is called blastocyst, two types of cells
are distinguished. The parietal cells of the
blastocyst are the nutrient cells of the embryo
(trophoblast). Out of the polar cell complex
situated in the interior of the blastocyst
(yellow) develops the embryo (embryoblast). The
area pellucida has been dissolved.
58
The blastocyst grows by propogation of the cells
and increase of the cavity. The embryoblast
subdivides into ectoderm (yellow) and endoderm
(red). In the further evolution its cells arrange
on the surface and are called ectoderm and
endoderm.
59
In this stage the blasticyst migrates through the
uterine mucous membrane (implantation or
nidation). The trophoblast cells propagate at the
nidation side. The embryo is provided with
foodstuffs from the maternal tissues by the
release of enzymes which attack the mucous
membrane (histiotroph phase). Besides blood
lacunae arise in the trophoblast. Later on the
embryo gets foodstuffs from the maternal blood
over the trophoblast cells (hemotroph phase). The
other wall of the blastocyst at first remains
membrane which protrudes into the uterine cavity.
The embryoblast consists of high cylindrical
cells (ectoderm) and flat cubic cells (endoderm),
which form together the embryonic plate. Above
the ectoderm arises the amniotic cavity like a
dome.
60

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Human Germ when entering the Mucous Coat of
  Uterus seven days in the Beginning of
  Implantation
• Primary wall of the blastula
• Cavity of the blastula
• Primary entoderm
• Ectoderm of the germ plate
• Cavity of the amnion
• Trophoblast
• Propria of the mucous coat of the uterus
• Uterine epithelium

61

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Human Embryo from the 15th Day
• Ectoderm of the germ plate 13. Decidua
  capsularis
• Cavity of the amnion 14. Terminal coagulum
• Entoderm
• Vitelline sac
• Clinging peduncle
• Mesenchymo
• Exocoel cysts
• Magma reticulate
• Trophoblast
• Female blood sinus
• Sinus like uterine vein
• Coil artery

62

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Longitudinal Section through a Human Embryo from
  the End of the third Week
• Nervous plate
• Chorda
• Entoderm
• Mesoderm
• Cavity of amnion
• Vitelline sac
• Rudiment of heart
• Blood islands
• Clinging peduncle
• Chorionic villous

63

• Development of the Human Embryo
• Human Embryo from the end of the first month
• Vitelline sac
• Clinging preuncle
• Cavity of the amnion
• Amnion
• Exocoel
• Decidua capsularis
• Decidua basilaris
• Villous
• Female blood vessels
• Embryonic blood vessels

64
The trophoblast grows with villi (chorionic
villi) forward into the mucous membrane of the
uterus. Between the trophoblast and the
embryoblast lies a net-work of star-like branched
cells, the extra embryonic mesenchyme. The
embryoblast consists of 2 vesicles, the ectoderm
vesicle, or amniotic cavity (yellow), and the
endoderm vesicle (red), or vitelline sac. Out of
the ectoderm will arise the nervous system, the
sense organs and the skin, out of the endoderm
the digestive system and the lungs.
65
On the 20th day the extra embryonic mesenchyme is
partially decomposed. It is preserved, in the
neighborhood of the embryo, as covering
mesemchyme, and at the inner edge of the
trophoblast, as border mesenchyme. Between them
lies the chorionic cavity. A tissue bridge, the
body stalk, as primordium of the umbilical cord
extends from the trophoblast to the embryonic
primordium. The embryonic allantois, a protrusion
of the vitelline sac, grows into the peduncle.
66
The body stalk displaces with the increase of the
amniotic cavity towards the middle of the embryo,
and becomes an abdominal peduncle. Blood vessels
develop at the vitelline sac and in the abdominal
peduncle. In this stage the embryo shows 4
brachial furrows which degenerate again, later on
the primordia of eyes, arms, legs and at the back
the primitive segments of the mesoderm, from
which originate the vertebral column, muscles,
blood vessels and kidneys.
67
In the 2nd month the amniotic cavity, it contains
liquid to protect the embryo, is increased and
supplants the chorionic cavity. The umbilical
cord is formed by those parts of the vitelline
sac that, lying outside of the embryo, are in
retrogressive metamorphosis, and by the abdominal
peduncle with the blood vessels. The chorionic
villi grow at the trophoblast, particularly at
the insertion of the umbilical cord (shaggy
chorion, the primordium of the placenta). In the
other sections these villi perish (smooth
chorion). In the embryo the head increases by
rapid growth of the primordium of the brain. The
primordia of extremeties largely extend forward.
68

• Primordium of the brain
• 1a. Primordium of the telencephalon
• 1b. Primordium of the diencephalon
• 1c. Primordium of the mesencephalon
• 1d. Primordium of the cerebellum (rhombic
  lips)
• 1e. Primordium of the rhombencephalon
• Primordium of the nose (olfactory pit)
• Primordium of the eyes (ocular cups)
• Primordium of the upper jaw
• Visceral arches
• 5a. Mandibular arch
• 5b. Hyoid arch
• 5c. 1st brachial arch
• 5d. 2nd brachial arch
• Primordium of the heart
• Primordium of the liver
• Upper (anterior) limb buds
• Lower (posterior) limb buds
• Primordium of vertebra ( 4th somite)

69

• UTERUS WITH 1 MONTH EMBRYO
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

70

• UTERUS WITH 2 MONTH EMBRYO
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

71

• UTERUS WITH 3 MONTH EMBRYO
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

72

• UTERUS WITH 4 MONTH EMBRYO IN TRANSVERSE POSITION
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

73

• UTERUS WITH 5 MONTH EMBRYO IN BREECH POSITION
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

74

• UTERUS WITH 5 MONTH EMBRYO IN TRANSVERSE POSITION
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

75

• UTERUS WITH 5 MONTH TWIN EMBRYOS
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

76

• UTERUS WITH 7 MONTH FETUS
• Vagina
• Uterus, cervix
• Uterine/ fallopian tube
• Fimbriae of uterine tube
• Ovary
• Broad ligament of uterus
• Uterus
• Placenta
• 8a. Placenta, part of the child
• 8b. Placenta, part of the mother
• Umbilical cord
• Embryo or fetus
• Fetal integument (amnion, chorion)
• Amnion
• Uterine cavity
• Decidua parietalis
• Round ligament of uterus

77
TORSO MODEL SECTION 1 M38 Sartorius M40
Rectus femoris M41 Tensor fasciae latae M42
Adductor brevis M43 - Vasti M45 Adductor
magnus N5 Ischiadicus nerve M44
Semitendinosus M34 Gluteus maximus O46
Funiculus spermaticus V14 Femoral vein O49
Corpora cavernosa, penis A11 Femoral artery O48
Urethra O45 Prostate S28 Femur O47 - Anus
78
TORSO MODEL SECTION 2 M38 Sartorius N6
femoralis nerve V14 Femoralis vein M36
Pectineus M39 Iliopsoas M40 Rectus
femoris M41 Tensor fasciae latae M37 Levator
ani N5 Ischiadicus nerve M34 Gluteus
maximus O46 Funiculus spermaticus A11
Femoralis artery S25 Os pubis O45
Prostate S28 Femur S26 Os ischii O44
Rectum S27 Os coccygis
79
TORSO MODEL SECTION 3 M27 Rectus abdominis M28
Obliquus externus abdominis M29 Obliquus
internus abdominis M30 Transversus
abdominis M31 Psoas M32 Iliacus M33 Gluteus
medius M34 Gluteus maximus M35 Multifidus O39
Ileum O40 Colon A10 Common iliac artery V13
Common iliac vein S13 Corpus vertebrae O43
Cauda equina S24 Os ilium
80
TORSO MODEL SECTION 4 M27 Rectus abdominis V10
Inferior vena cava A6 Aorta M20 Erector
spinae O38 Jejunum O40 Colon O42 Pancreatic
duct O34 Pancreas O41 Vesica fellea O37
Duodenum O30 Hepar O36 Ureter O33 Lien O35
- Ren
81
TORSO MODEL SECTION 5 M27 Serratus anterior M22
Intercostales A6 Aorta A9 Lienalis
artery V12 Lienalis vein M25 Latissimus
dorsi M20 Erector spinae S20 Costa O30
Hepar V11 Portae vein O31 Gaster V10
Inferior vena cava O32 Diaphragm S13 Corpus
vertebrae O33 Lien O20 Medulla spinalis
82
TORSO MODEL SECTION 6 M22 Intercostales V10
Inferior vena cava V7 Azygos vein A6
Aorta M26 Serratus anterior M20 Erector
spinae M25 Latissimus dorsi M13 Trapezius S19
Sternum O31 Gaster S20 Costa O30
Hepar O22 Esophagus S13 Corpus vertebrae O24
Pulmo O20 Medulla spinalis
83
TORSO MODEL SECTION 7 M15 Pectoralis major M22
Intercostales M16 Pectoralis minor A6
Aorta V6 Superior vena cava N4 Brachial
plexus M17 Deltoid M23 Biceps V9 Brachialis
vein A8 Brachialis artery M18
Subscapularis M24 Triceps M25 Latissimus
dorsi M20 Erector spinae M19
Infraspinatus M13 Trapezius S19 Sternum O27
Ventriculus dexter S20 Costa O29 Atrium
dexter O26 Ventriculus sinister O28 Atrium
sinister O24 Pulmo O22 Esophagus S21
Humerus S13 Corpus vertebrae O20 Medulla
spinalis S22 - Scapula
84
TORSO MODEL SECTION 8 M15 Pectoralis major M16
Pectoralis minor V6 Superior vena cava A6
Aorta V8 Axillaris vein N4 Brachial plexus A7
Axillaris artery V7 Azygos vein M17
Deltoid M18 Subscapularis M20 Erector
spinae M19 Infraspinatus M21 Rhomboid M13
Trapezius S19 Sternum O24 Pulmo S20
Costa O25 Bifurcation of trachea O22
Esophagus S21 Humerus S13 Corpus
vertebrae O20 Medulla spinalis S22 - Scapula
85
TORSO MODEL SECTION 9 V5 Anterior jugularis M7
Sternocleidomastoid muscle V1 Internal
jugularis A5 Common carotid M14 Scaleni M13
Trapezius M10 Transversospinalis M11
Semispinalis capitis M12 Splenius capitis O23
Thyroid gland O21 trachea O22 Esophagus S13
Corpus vertebrae O24 Pulmo O20 Medulla
spinalis
86
TORSO MODEL SECTION 10 V5 Anterior jugularis M7
Sternocleidomastoid muscle V1 Internal
jugularis A5 Common carotid artery N3
Superior cervical ganglion A4 Vertebralis M14
Scaleni M10 Transversospinalis M11
Semispinalis capitis M12 Splenius capitis M13
Trapezius O21 Trachea O23 Thyroid gland O22
Esophagus S14 Foramen costotransversarium S13
Corpus vertebrae O20 Medulla spinalis
87
TORSO MODEL SECTION 11 V5 Anterior jugularis M7
Sternocleidomastoid V1 Internal jugularis A5
Common carotid artery M8 Longus colli M9
Levator scapulae M10 Transversospinalis M11
Semispinalis capitis M12 Splenius capitis M13
Trapezius O17 Plica vocalis O16 Rima
vestibuli S17 Thyroid cartilage S18 Arytenoid
cartilage O18 Pharynx (pars laryngea) S13
Corpus vertebrae O19 Cavum subarachnoidale S15
Transverse process O20 Medulla spinalis S16
Spinous process
88
TORSO MODEL SECTION 12 M4 Masseter M5 Medial
pterygoid muscle M6 Longus capitis A2
Internal carotid artery A3 Basilaris artery V1