Patterns of Reactivity

1
Patterns of Reactivity
Substance Oxygen gas ? Oxide of element
Active metals and oxygen Li(s) O2 ? Li2O(s)
Na(s) O2 ? Na2O2(s)
peroxide
K(s) O2 ? KO2(s)
superoxide
?
sulfides and oxygen ZnS(s) O2 ? ZnO
SO2(g)
?
CS2(s) O2 ? CO2(g) SO2
?
ammonia and oxygen NH3 O2 ? NO2 H2O(g)
2
Patterns of Reactivity
Hydrocarbon and oxygen CH3OH(s) O2 ? CO2 H2O
Substances reacting with nonmetal oxide ? salt
Metal oxide and nonmetal oxide CaO(s) CO2 ?
CaCO3(s)
MgO(s) SO2 ? MgSO3
Carbonates and nonmetal oxide BaCO3(s) CO2
H2O ? Ba2 HCO3-
3
Patterns of Reactivity
Base reacting with nonmetal oxide OH- CO2(g) ?
CO32- H2O (base is aqueous)
Ca(OH)2 (s) SO2(g) ? CaSO3(s) H2O
NaOH(s) CO2(g) ? Na HCO3- (base is moist
solid)
Ca(OH)2 (s) SO2(g) ? Ca HSO3- (base is
moist solid)
4
Patterns of Reactivity
Substances reacting with water
Metallic oxide reacting with water ? Base Li2O
H2O ? Li OH-
MgO (s) H2O ? Mg(OH)2
Metal hydrides reacting with water ? Base
Hydrogen LiH(s) H2O ? Li OH- H2
CaH2 (s) H2O ? Ca2 OH- H2
5
Metal sulfides reacting with water ? Base
gas Al2S3(s) H2O ? Al(OH)3(s) H2S(g)
Metal cyanides reacting with water ? Base
gas NaCN(s) H2O ? Na OH- HCN(g)
Metal phosphates reacting with water ? Base
gas Na3PO4(s) H2O ? Na OH-
HPO42- Na2HPO4(s) H2O ? Na OH- H2PO4-
6
Metal oxyanions reacting with water ? Base gas
water Na2CO3(s) H2O ? Na CO32- or Na
OH- HCO3-
NaHCO3(s) H2O ? Na HCO32- or Na OH-
CO2 H2O
Metal carbides reacting with water ? Base
hydrocarbon Na2C2(s) H2O ? Na OH- C2H2
Salt of an amphoteric metal reacting with water ?
complex Al(NO3)3(s) H2O ? Al(H2O)63 NO3-
7
Nonmetal oxide reacting with water ? Acid SO2(g)
H2O ? H2SO3(aq)
SO3 H2O ? H HSO4-
N2O3 H2O ? HNO2(aq)
N2O5 H2O ? H NO3
Nonmetal halides reacting with water ? weak acid
strong acid PCl5 (s) H2O ? H3PO4(aq) H
Cl- (note P5)
PBr3 (s) H2O ? H3PO3(aq) H Br- (note P3)
8
Patterns of Reactivity
Substances reacting with an acid
metals reacting with acid ? salt hydrogen Zn(s)
H ? Zn2 H2
Ca(s) H ? Ca2 H2O (cold sulfuric acid)
Cu(s) H HSO4- ? Cu2 SO2 H2O (hot
sulfuric acid)
Ag(s) H NO3- ? Ag NO H2O (dilute (6M)
nitric acid)
Ag(s) H NO3- ? Ag NO2 H2O (conc. nitric
acid)
9
Patterns of Reactivity
metal oxide reacting with acid ? salt water
Fe2O3(s) H ? Fe3 H2O
metal oxide reacting with acid ? salt gas
water
Fe2O3(s) H Cl- ? Fe2 Cl2(g) H2O (warm
HCl)
FeO(s) H NO3- ? Fe3 NO2 H2O (conc.
nitric acid)
10
Patterns of Reactivity
Salt of a weak acid and strong acid ? salt of
strong acid weak acid
Na2S(s) H ? Na Cl- H2S
SO22- H ? H2SO3 ? H2O SO2
C2H3O2- H ? HC2H3O2
C2H3O2- H HSO4- ? HC2H3O2 HSO4- (equimolar
sulfuric acid)
11
Substances reacting with an Base
metals reacting with a strong base
Al OH- ? Al(OH)63
salt of an amphoteric metal reacting with a
strong base
salt of a weak acid reacting with a strong base
NH4 OH- ? NH3(g) H2O
HCO3- OH- ? CO32-(aq) H2O
12
salts reacting with excess ammonia
Zn2 NH3(excess) ? Zn(NH3)42
Zn(OH)2(s) NH3(excess) ? Zn(NH3)42 OH-
Ag(s) NH3(excess) ? Ag(NH3)2
Cu(OH)2 NH3(excess) ? Cu(NH3)42 OH-
13
Oxidation-Reduction
Single Replacement (metals)
Al(s) Cu2 (aq) ? Cu(s) Al3 (aq)
Zn(s) Sn2 (aq) ? Sn(s) Zn2 (aq)
H2(g) CuO(s) ? Cu(s) H2O (aq)
Single Replacement (halogens)
F2(g) Cl- (aq) ? Cl2(g) F- (aq)
14
Oxidation-Reduction
Redox in an Acid Environment
Cr2O72- Fe2 H (aq) ? Cr3 Fe3 H2O (aq)
Cr2O72- I- H (aq) ? Cr3 I2 H2O (aq)
MnO4- Cl- H (aq) ? Mn2 Cl2 H2O (aq)
H2O2 I- H (aq) ? H2O I2 H2O (aq)
15
Oxidation-Reduction
Redox in a Basic Environment
H2O2 (aq) MnO4- ? O2 MnO2(s) H2O OH-
16
Oxidation-Reduction
Important Oxidizers
Formed in the Reaction
MnO4- in acidic solution
Mn2
MnO2 in acidic solution
Mn2
MnO4- in basic solution
MnO2
Cr2O72- in acidic solution
Cr3
NO2
HNO3, concentrated
NO
HNO3, dilute
SO2
H2SO4, hot
17
Oxidation-Reduction
Important Oxidizers
Formed in the Reaction
Metal-ic ions
Metal-ous ions
Free halogens
halide ions
Na2O2
NaOH
HClO4
Cl-
H2O2 (in acidic soln)
H2O
H2O2 (in basic soln)
OH-
18
Oxidation-Reduction
Important Reducers
Formed in the Reaction
Halide ions
Free halogens
Free metals
Metal ions
Sulfite ions (or SO2)
Sulfate ions
Nitrite ions
Nitrate ions
Free Halogens (dil., basic)
Hypohalites (e.g. ClO-)
Free Halogens (conc., basic)
Halate ions (e.g. ClO3-)
Metal-ous
Metal-ic
H2O2
O2