EFR theme in Cape Town

1
EFR theme in Cape Town

• Thomas Sterner

2
Fundamentals

• Necessary for each centre to acquire an overview
  of what environmental issues are important
• Equally it is quite natural to get an overview of
  Env Policy in your country Use of various
  Instruments and possibly tax revenues.

3
The Policy Instruments Theme

• Environmental fiscal reform TS, Anil, Sharlin,
  Cecil, Uganda, Cao China
• Regressivity of petrol taxes TS
• Regional pollution control strategy Comparison
  long and short term, single multiple pollutants
  (China)
• Plastic bags (Kenya)
• The economics of South Africas plastic bag
  legislation

4
(No Transcript)
5
EFR

• Comparative paper by Ikiara/Mkenda etc
• Ecotax conf. Contacts Uganda SA Cecil- Sharlin
• EFR Lebanon
• Co-Benefits of GGas Mitigation Policies in
  China Jing Cao PhD Harvard
• Compares TopDown BottomUp.
• Recomends National fuel tax for efficiency
• Anils Studies
• Work by Ramos and Margaret

6
(No Transcript)
7
Plastics of evil

• Mar 29th 2007 SAN FRANCISCOFrom The Economist
  print edition
• San Francisco swaps polyethylene for potato
  starch
• Outlawing plastic bags in S Francisco alone will
  reduce oil cons by 800,000 gallons a year. Less
  than 5 of the 100 billion bags thrown away by
  Americans each year are recycled.  
• sending worker to pull bags from trees costs
  150
• In Taiwan and Ireland, you pay for plastic bags.
  banned in Rwanda, Bhutan, Bangladesh, South
  Africa (where distributing them can ?jail) and
  Mumbai. Paris will join the list at the end of
  this year, the rest of France in 2010.
• http//www.unep.ch/etb/publications/EconInst/Kenya
  .pdf)

8
Plastic Bags

• Ireland Simon Mc Donald
• S Africa The paper that Tony Leiman, Martine
  Visser and Reviva Arnoni did on the economics of
  SA's plastic bag legislation is due for updating.
  Renewed data gathering by Reviva Arnoni
• Kenya maybe Tanzania too?

9
Policy Instruments for Managing Plastic Bags in
Nairobi

• Pilot Project on Plastic Waste Management in
  Nairobi
• Final Report Submitted to the United Nations
  Environment Programme
• (UNEP)
• By KIPRA Moses !

10
Ireland

• A levy of Euro 0.15 targeting shoppers at point
  of sale in retail outlets. Exceptions for bags
  for fresh produce and re-usable ones worth over
  Euro 0.70.
• Retailers legally obliged to pass on the levy
  directly and itemize it on receipt.
• 1 billion plastic bags ? 70 Million. 93 decr.
  Tax has generated 20 million.
• Plastic bag share in litter fell 5? 0.3

11
Gasoline taxes Regressive??

Table1 Budget shares of fuels (Transport
Cooking and Lighting Fuels)
12
India contd.
13
S Africa


14
Figura 4 Gasto en carros, gasolina y transporte
público como porcentaje del ingreso mensual

15
Totally Linear!

• Tabla 5 Gasto como porcentaje del ingreso mensual
  de los hogares. 1
• Decil Gasolina Transporte público Efecto total2
• 1 1.66 11.71 5.99
• 2 2.05 10.66 5.99
• 3 2.16 8.91 5.46
• 4 3.02 8.13 6.03
• 5 3.33 7.20 5.99
• 6 3.77 6.60 6.21
• 7 4.00 5.92 6.19
• 8 4.51 4.41 6.14
• 9 4.88 2.74 5.89
• 10 3.54 0.71 3.80
• Fuente Estimación propia con base en la Encuesta
  Nacional de Ingreso Gasto de los Hogares 2004
  (ENIGH 2004) publicada por el INEGI
  
• 1/ Se consideraron solo los hogares que se
  localizan en ciudades con población mayor a los
  100 mil habitantes.
• 2/ El efecto total incorpora el gasto indirecto
  en gasolina a través del transporte público.
  Efecto total Gasolina 0.37Transporte Público

16
(No Transcript)
17
Suggestions for how to spend the day

• More on EFR Anil excel exercise
• Env taxes for close substitutes,cars/tires
• EFR paper Ikiara/Mkenda/SlungeSterner
• Regressivity of petrol taxes
• Regional pollution control strategy (China)
• Plastic bags Ikiara
• South Africas plastic bags

18
Other projects maybe related?

• -Demand for Water use in Kenya by Joseph Onjala
• -Air pollution in urban areas Kippra/
  University of Nairobi
• -Environmental Fiscal Reform by Bernadette
  Wanjala and John Mutua.v