In group 3 there are ambiguos definition that:

1
Problems in Group 3 - Combustion in the
Manufacturing Industry

• In group 3 there are ambiguos definition that
• do not clearly define if fuel approach estimates
  are inclusive of all the emissions
• do not clearly states that fuel consumption must
  not be counted in group 1 (possible double
  counting)
• make confusion, in some cases, with process
  emissions (completly separated from combustion)

2
Methodology indicated in Group 3

• The following Table contains fuel related
  emission factors based on CORINAIR90 data in
  g/GJ. Technique related emission factors,
  mostly given in other units (e.g. g/Mg charged),
  are listed in footnotes. In case of using
  production statistics the specific energy
  consumption (e.g. GJ/Mg product) has to be taken
  into account, which is process and country
  specific. At this stage no data for the
  definition of appropriate conversion factors are
  available in some cases are available !.
• It is assumed, that emission factors cited within
  the table are related to combustion sources
  other process emissions are not covered
• quoted from the guidebook

3
Example B323 Blast Furnaces Cowpers
Contains process emissions?
Are the same EF ?
From the GB The blast furnace operates as a
countercurrent process. Iron ore sinter and
size-graded iron ore, coke and limestone are
charged as necessary into the top of the furnace.
() Blast furnace gas (off-gas) released at the
top of the furnace is collected and is used as
fuel for the cowpers. () CO2 originates from
the complete oxidation of carbon in the blast
furnace.
Are the same EF ?
4
Examples B323 Blast Furnaces Cowpers
Clinker ? Cement ?
From the GB Within CORINAIR90 a value for the
specific energy consumption of 13 GJ/Mg product
has been reported.
5
B323 Paper mill industry (Drying Processes)

• After a beating process paper pulp is introduced
  into the paper mill in concentrations of about 1
  . Mineral pigments or fillers are added to
  improve the brightness, opacity, and surface
  smoothness. () The final drying process of the
  sheets consists in passing the sheets over a
  series of steamheated cylinders (comment no
  contact of flue gas with product)
• Releases to air that are not related to energy
  generation are (BREF European Commission, 2001)
  mainly volatile organic compounds (VOC). This
  emission is usually of minor importance
• quoted from the guidebook

6
List of ambiguos activities

• B323 Blast Furnaces Cowpers
• B324 Plaster Furnaces
• B332 Reheating Furnaces Steel and Iron
• B333 Grey Iron Foundries
• B334 Primary Lead Production
• B335 Primary Zinc Production
• B336 Primary Copper Production
• B339 Secondary Copper Production

• B3310 Secondary Aluminium Production
• B3311 Cement
• B3312 Lime
• B3314 Glass Production
• B3318 Mineral Wool
• B3319 Bricks And Tiles
• B3320 Fine Ceramics Materials
• B3321 Paper-mill Industry (Drying Processes)
• B3322 Alumina Production

7
Possible solutions (1)

• in each case where we have boilers or heaters in
  which the combustion is not affected by the
  process we are in sector 0301 Combustion in
  boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines
  fuel consumption must be allocated to 0301
• if the fuel is in contact with the products
  (steel, cement, ...) we have combustion
  processes with contact (0303 Processes with
  contact) the emissions factors must be
  preferably expressed in function of output of the
  process (g/Mg steel, g/Mg cement, ...) and can be
  different for different fuel used emissions
  factor in function of fuels burned can be
  included in the chapter but only as references
  fuel consumption must not be allocated to 0301

8
Possible solutions (2)

• if the exhaust gases of boilers and heaters are
  in contact with the products (for examples sludge
  drying, ...) we have combustion processes with
  contact (0303 Processes with contact) the
  emissions factors must be preferably expressed in
  function of output of the process (g/Mg steel,
  g/Mg cement, ...) and can be different for
  different fuel used emissions factor in function
  of fuels used can be included in the chapter but
  only as references fuel consumption must not be
  allocated to 0301
• if the watery vapours are in contact with the
  products (for examples 030321 Paper-mill industry
  (drying processes)
• emissions for vapour production must be allocated
  in the sector 0301 Combustion in boilers, gas
  turbines and stationary engines
• emission from the process (0303 Processes with
  contact ?) the emissions factors must be
  preferably expressed in function of output of
  the process (g/Mg steel, g/Mg cement, ...)