Chapter 30 Review

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Chapter 30 Review
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• Question 1
• Red, brown, and green algae all have very similar
  chloroplast lineages, and yet only green algae
  are included in the lineage of Viridiplantae
  (land plants). How is this possible? (p. 582) A)
  Chloroplasts are easily damaged through mutation,
  and therefore have very little changes in their
  genomes or morphology over time. B) All these
  algae evolved from fungi, which were progenitors
  to plants, and therefore they have similar
  features. Only green algae gave rise to plants,
  though. C) Multiple endosymbiosis events
  occurred some of the descendants of the primary
  endosymbiotic event where a cyanobacterium was
  first taken up were themselves taken up in red
  and brown algae ancestors. D) Because they have
  small, circular DNA genomes, chloroplasts are
  particularly promiscuous and can move from
  organelle to organelle, and species to species.
  E) Horizontal gene transfer often occurs in
  organelles with their own DNA, leading to a
  homogenization of genomes such as we find in red,
  brown, and green algae.
• Question 2
• What process creates spores during the
  alternation of generations life cycle pattern?
  (p. 583) A) Sporogenesis B) Gametogenesis C)
  Meiosis D) Fertilization E) Mitosis
• Question 3
• Charophytes are aquatic. What evidence is there
  that they might share a recent link to
  terrestrial plants? (p. 585) A) They contain
  chlorophyll a. B) They use chlorophyll b. C) They
  have similar sequence in their rRNA sequences. D)
  Much of their DNA appears homologous. E) All of
  the above support a link between Charophytes and
  land plants.
• Question 4
• Sperm in bryophytes have flagella on them. What
  does this suggest as to the requirements for
  reproduction? (p. 588) A) They need a layer of
  water which extends from where they are released
  to their destination. B) They are closely related
  to many of the protista, most of which have
  flagella. C) They represent a lineage very close
  to members of the kingdom Animalia, which have
  sperm that move using flagella. D) In mosses,
  both sperm and egg can move toward each other
  using chemotaxis. E) All of the above points are
  valid with respect to moss reproduction.

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• Question 5
• Why is heterospory considered to be an advanced
  character which enhances genetic diversity? (p.
  590) A) It is seen in all modern plants. B) It
  allows for more differences between the haploid
  and diploid phases of the life cycle, as these
  are morphologically based on the spore they
  germinate from. C) One type of spore eventually
  gives rise to sperm only, while another gives
  rise only to oocytes. This increases the
  likelihood of outcrossing. D) All of the above
  are valid reasons for considering heterospory as
  an advanced character to increase genetic
  diversity. E) None of the above are valid
  arguments for heterospory as an advanced
  character.
• Question 6
• Vascular refinements allowed plants to grow
  taller because they no longer had to deal with
  diffusion to meet their metabolic demands. What
  other stress shaped plant life strategies as they
  became even taller? (p. 590) A) They had to
  minimize the amount of UV radiation that they
  experienced due to their closer proximity to the
  sun. B) They had to develop alternative methods
  of fixing carbon dioxide because the dry air
  above the ground poses problems. C) By being
  taller, the plants become more conspicuous and
  therefore likely to be eaten by animals. D)
  Spores would be scattered too widely and the
  community would become too dispersed for
  effective interbreeding. E) Reproductive cells
  could no longer rely on flagella for transport of
  the male gametes because of the lack of water
  continuity from top to bottom of the plant.
• Question 7
• Ferns appear to be the most advanced of the
  seedless vascular plants. What feature provided
  the foundation for establishment of seeds in more
  advanced plants? (p. 593) A) The multicellular
  archegonium provided nutrition and protection of
  the embryo. B) The vascularization of leaves
  provided efficient distribution of nutrients,
  allowing embryo development to occur more
  efficiently than in nonvascular plants. C)
  Development of sori on fronds created protected
  surfaces that eventually gave rise to fruits and
  seeds. D) The male gamete in ferns does not
  require water to move, and so formed the basis
  for pollen structure, which can use air currents
  to move. E) Ferns rely on insect pollinators, a
  feature that the higher plants have enhanced over
  evolutionary time.
• Question 8
• Which feature of the male gametophyte eliminated
  the requirement of water for fertilization to
  occur? (p. 593) A) Dormancy B) Reduction of
  flagella C) Loss of flagella D) Use of a pollen
  tube E) Production of a seed coat

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• Question 9
• Cycads have their leaves clustered at the top and
  often are dissected into leaflets, superficially
  resembling a fern. What criterion might you apply
  to distinguish a cycad from a fern? (p. 595) A)
  Cycads have sori on the top of their leaves
  ferns have them on the bottom. B) If you find a
  flower on the plant, it must be a cycad as ferns
  don't flower. C) A cone containing seeds at the
  top of the plant would make it a cycad as ferns
  don't make cones or seeds. D) All of the above
  would be valid criteria to distinguish between
  them. E) None of the above would allow you to
  distinguish between them.
• Question 10
• Double fertilization produces (p. 600) A) two
  embryos. B) two spores, which then undergo
  meiosis to make several embryos with different
  genotypes. C) two nucelli, which develop into
  megagametophytes. D) an embryo and a triploid
  endosperm. E) an abnormal, very large zygote
  which sometimes dies early in development.
• Question 11
• What stressor has had the largest impact on the
  morphology and life strategies of viridiplantae?
  (p. 582) A) Avoidance of being eaten B) Competing
  for sunlight C) Dispersal of spores and seeds D)
  Efficient water use E) Becoming photosynthetic
• Question 12
• True or false The evolutionary trend in
  Viridiplantae is to reduce the size of the
  gametophyte and increase the size of the
  sporophyte. (p. 583) A) True B) False
• Question 13
• Which stage is the most dominant in the bryophyte
  life cycle? (p. 587) A) Antheridium B)
  Archegonium C) Sporophyte D) Gametophyte E)
  Spores

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• Question 14
• True or false The evolutionary trend seen in the
  bryophytes where by the gametophyte is dominant
  in the life cycle has been enhanced and
  emphasized in the higher plants. (p. 589) A) True
  B) False
• Question 15
• True or false Club mosses can grow taller than
  true mosses due to vascular refinements in their
  stems. (p. 590) A) True B) False
• Question 16
• What do whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns have
  in common? (p. 591) A) All have vascular tissues.
  B) All have very small seeds. C) All have fibrous
  root systems. D) All of them cluster their
  sporangia together as sori. E) All of the above
  statements represent commonalities.
• Question 17
• The extinct "bridging" group of plants which
  connected seedless vascular plants from those
  with seeds were the (p. 593) A) whisk ferns. B)
  horsetails. C) ferns. D) progymnosperms. E) tree
  ferns.
• Question 18
• Where does a fruit come from? (p. 598) A) The
  seed integuments B) Specialized tissues of the
  zygote C) Specialized tissues of the megaspore D)
  It's derived from the ovary wall. E) Petals which
  fold backwards around the ovary, then fuse and
  thicken