Parenthetical Citations

1
Parenthetical Citations
2
Why Cite?

• The reason you cite in parentheses is to
• a) give credit to ideas that are not your own
  (i.e. avoid plagiarism)
• b) show where you got the info (i.e. prove you
  didnt make it up)
• c) direct your reader to your Works Cited list,
  where they can find enough information to find
  the original source of your info

3
General

• Parenthetical Citations go at the end of the
  sentence or paragraph. The period for the
  sentence goes after the last parenthesis (Hacker
  25).
• Use the first item on your Works Cited list
  usually, it will be the authors last name.
• Add to it the page number (Jacobs 3).

4
Signal Phrases

• If you have already mentioned the authors name
  in the sentence, it does not go in the
  parentheses, just the page number (5).
• This is called a signal phrase.
• In Four Arguments for the Elimination of
  Television, J. Mander states that our failure to
  see ourselves as sped-up plants is a result of
  limited human perception (25).

5
One Author

• Robinson, Jerome B. Cat in the Ballot Box.
  Field and Stream. March 1996 30-35.
• As noted by Jerome Robinson, a professor of
  lionology at Vassar, blah blah (31).
• One prominent researcher in the field stated
  that, blah blah (Robinson 31).

6
Two Authors

• Howe, James and Arnold Trott. Lion Pride Eats
  Pet Bulldogs. Turlock Journal 22 October 2004
  A1.
• One Pride member was quoted as saying, the
  doggies were tasty, thanks for asking (Howe and
  Trott).

7
No Author?

• If no author (or two works by same author), it
  will be the title of the book or article
• Full title not necessary just enough for your
  reader to find it

8
No Author

• Lion Attacks Prompt State to Respond. New York
  Times 18 Oct. 1995, late ed.A21. Opposing
  Viewpoints. Gale Group Databases. Pitman High
  School Library, Turlock, CA. 11 March 2005.
  lthttp//www.infotrac.galegroup.comgt.
• One incident that led to extreme, if immediately
  necessary, measures by the state, occurred in
  New York City (Lion Attacks).

9
Two or more by same author

• King, Stephen. Black House. New York Random,
  2001.
• ---. From a Buick 8 A Novel. New York Simon
  Schuster, 2002.
• Blah blah, blah blah (Black House 103).
• Otherwise, blah blah blah (From a Buick 8 15).

10
Page Numbers

• There is no comma between author/title and page
  number
• Except when using paragraph numbers instead of
  pages

11
Online Source w/paragraph s

• Ross, Rachel. "Beginner Tip Presenting Your
  Page with Style." Webmaster Tips Newsletter.
  July 2000. NetMechanic. 13 Oct. 2002
  lthttp//www.netmechanic.
• com/news/vol3/beginner_no7.htmgt.
• The semiconductor workplace is highly toxic
  (Ross, par. 35).
• Blah blah blah (Top Dangers, par. 5).

12
Didnt read the original?

• If the information comes from another source
  (i.e. you didnt read the original authors work
  or the actual research study, but found someone
  else referring to it), you must indicate that.

13
Indirect Quotation

• O'Keefe, Mark. Definition of 'Rich' Is Elusive.
  Detroit Detroit Free Press, 2004
• As Jaime Oliver put it, youre only as rich as
  you eat (qtd. in OKeefe 66).
• One study, conducted by the Harris Group, found
  that over 50 of the worlds rich have 20 million
  dollars or more (qtd. in OKeefe 78).

14
Lots of Info?

• If you are using one source for several
  paragraphs (Jacobs 23), you do not need to keep
  adding the authors name. Just write the page
  number when it is different (90).
• If its all from the same page, just put one
  citation at the end of the paragraph or
  paragraphs (Johnson 92).
• When you use a different source, then you must
  once again write the authors name and page
  number (Worthy 56).