Review Questions

1
Review Questions

• Chapters 4, 13, 14

2
Chapter 4

• Describe the work of Robert Koch in culturing
  bacteria
• Define a pure culture.
• Explain how to obtain a pure culture.
• List and explain the requirements for obtaining a
  pure culture.
• List and explain the methods of maintaining a
  pure culture for a long period of time
• Explain binary fission
• Define microbial growth
• Define generation time. Give examples of
  generation time of some common organisms
• List the four environmental factors.
• Define extremophiles
• List and explain the five categories of optimum
  temperature

3
Cont. Chapter 4

• Describe the role of prokaryotes in food
  preservation and disease. Give examples of these
  bacteria
• List and explain the five categories of oxygen
  requirements. Give examples of bacteria for each
  category.
• Explain the difference between bacteria that
  produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide
• List and explain the three categories of optimum
  pH. Give examples of bacteria for each category
• Define and explain plasmolysis, osmotolerant and
  halophiles. Give example of bacteria
• List the 10 major nutritional elements and the 4
  essential components bacteria need
• List the 5 trace nutritional elements bacteria
  need

4
Cont. Chapter 4

• List and describe the two groups of prokaryotes
  based on their use of carbon.
• What are growth factors? Give examples
• Define fastidious elements and give examples.
• How do microorganisms derive energy? Give example
  
• List and explain the 4 categories of
  microorganisms based on their nutritional
  properties
• List and explain the 4 general category of
  culture media.
• Explain the importance of a buffer in a culture
  media.
• Contrast selective and differential media
• List the characteristics and properties of blood
  agar, chocolate agar, glucose-salt, MacConkey
  agar, nutrient agar, and Thayer-Martin agar.

5
Cont. Chapter 4

• Contrast alpha hemolysis and beta hemolysis on
  blood agar
• Contrast lactose fermenting and non lactose
  fermenting bacteria
• Give 3 example of how to provide appropriate
  atmospheric condition to microorganisms?
• Define enrichment culture
• Describe the 4 methods used to measure bacterial
  growth
• Explain the 2 methods of direct cell count.
• List and explain the methods for viable cell
  count
• List and explain the methods for measuring
  biomass
• List and explain the 3 methods used for measuring
  cell products
• Explain the growth curve

6
Chapter 13

• Describe the work of DM Iwanosky and Martinus
  Beijerink.
• Describe the work of FW Twort and F. dHerelle
• Define bacteriophage
• Define host
• Define virion
• List and explain the 3 common shapes of viruses
• Describe the architecture of the tobacco mosaic
  virus
• Explain the function of each structure of the T4
  bacteriophage
• Compare the size of a human red cell, T4
  bacteriophage, a bacteria, adenovirus and tobacco
  mosaic virus.
• What is the viral genome?
• Compare vruses and cells

7
cont. Chapter 13

• Define productive infection, extrusion, temperate
  virus, latent state
• Define lysogen, lysogenic state, lysogenic
  conversion
• Explain the cycle of the lytic phage replication
  by double stranded DNA phages. Give example of
  phages that use this cycle and their shape
• Explain the cycle of the lytic phage by single
  stranded RNA phages. Give example of phages that
  use this cycle and their shape.
• Explain the cycle of the latent state by phage
  lamda.What is the genome structure and the shape
  of the virion.
• Explain the extrusion following phage replication
  by filamentous phage. Give examples of the
  bacteriophage that use this cycle and their
  shape.

8
cont. Chapter 13

• Explain the cycle of the lytic infection by
  single stranded DNA phages. Give example of the
  bacteriophages and their shapes.
• There are two types of transduction. Explain the
  both transduction processes.

9
Chapter 14

• Describe the structure of animal viruses
• List the criteria used to classify animal viruses
• List and explain the classification of RNA
  viruses infecting animals
• List and explain the classification of DNA
  viruses infecting animals
• List the 4 groups bacteria can be classified
  based on the routes of transmission
• Explain how virus can be cultivated
• List and Explain the 4 quantitation methods
• Explain acute infection. Give examples.
• Explain the cycle of a viral acute infection
• List and Explain the 4 types of persistent
  infection and give examples.

10
cont. Chapter 14

• Explain how viruses can cause tumors and
  transform cells
• Define oncogenes
• Explain how retroviruses can transform animal
  cells
• Explain how viruses affect plants
• Define plasmodesmata
• Explain how viruses can be transmitted via
  parasitic vine (dodder)
• Explain how insects transmit plant viruses
• Define prion. Give examples of diseases caused by
  prions.
• List the characteristics of a viriod.