Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications Rao Yallapragada Senior Director, Qualcomm Inc. April 12, 2004

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Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless
Communications Rao YallapragadaSenior
Director, Qualcomm Inc.April 12, 2004
2
Presentation Outline

• 3G Reported Subscribers
• 3G CDMA Evolution
• Voice and Data Capacity Evolution of 3G
  Technologies
• New Enhancements in 3G Technologies
• CDMA2000 1x
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
• WCDMA
• Summary

3
3G Wireless Subscriber Growth
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3G CDMA Reported Subscribers(As of March 30,
2004)
Source www.3Gtoday.com
5
Worldwide CDMA Subscriber Evolution Forecast
3G CDMA is Well Established GrowingNow in Use
in Two Flavors CDMA2000 and WCDMA
Over 98M Subscribers, 75 Operators, 37 Countries,
430 Handsets, 43 Vendors
(Millions)
Future
September gt174M subs
Source Strategy Analytics, April 2003 and
www.3gtoday as of December 2003, CDG September
2003
6
Operators Expanding Data Services With CDMA2000
1xEV-DO 5 Commercial Operators
Over 1 billion EV-DO national rollout over next
2 years
Over 5M EV-DO subscribers as of January 2004
Launched November 2003
2.4 Mbps gpsOne ARM 7
2.4 Mbps gpsOne ARM 9
2.4 Mbps Higher resolution video/graphics Camera
to 4 megapixel
3.1Mbps Camera to 4 megapixel
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Latest Trends and Driving Factors

• High Intensity Multi-Media Capabilities
• More efficiency in multi-media content delivery
• Enhancements to support Quality of Service
• Efficient and flexible Packet based Video
  Telephony
• Support for VoIP and Low-latency applications,
  e.g., Gaming applications
• Instant Multi Media (IMM)
• Broadcast and Multicast services
• High Speed Data on both Up and Down Links

Push to See
Samsung SCH V310
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3G CDMA Evolution
9

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Voice Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
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Data Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
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New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Technologies
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CDMA2000 Standards Status
IS-95A/B
cdma2000 family
Done
Done
Done
Done
Done
1xRelease 0
1x/3xRelease A
1x/3x Release B
1xRevision C (1xEV-DV FL)
1xRevision D (1xEV-DV RL)
Publish Date March 2004
Done
1xEV-DO Revision 0
1xEV-DO Revision A
Publish Date March 2004
Arrow denotes evolution of standard, maintaining
backward compatibility
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CDMA2000 1X Enhancements

• Capacity Enhancements via Mobile Receive
  Diversity and SMV Vocoders
• Release C Enhancements
• Introduces 1xEV-DV and a new data mode for the
  forward link
• New Forward Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH)
• High data rate, rapidly time-shared among users
• Dynamic modulation and coding based on channel
  condition
• Forward Link Data Rates up to 3.1 Mbps

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CDMA2000 Release D Enhancements

• Simultaneous wireless voice and bi-directional
  high speed data on a single RF carrier
• Reverse Link Enhancements
• Hybrid ARQ
• Re-transmit combine, similar to 1xEV-DV FL
• Synchronous re-transmissions
• MAC-layer control of data transmissions
• Higher peak data rates 1.8 Mbit/s
• Fast scheduling with shorter variable duration
  frames
• Base station supervised rate control
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Fast Call Setup
• Backward compatible with IS-95 and CDMA2000
  Releases 0, A, B C
• Expected Date of Commercial Deployments Y2005

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Throughput gains with proposed enhancements
Full Buffer RL Throughput
RL Throughput(kbit/s per sector)
(1x Revision C)
1x Revision D candidates
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1xEV-DV Overview
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Introduction to 1xEV-DV

• CDMA2000 1x FL currently has 3 modes of
  transmitting data
• Fundicated Channel (F-FCH / F-DCCH)
• Low rate data, circuit-switched like
• One to each MS
• Supplemental Channel (F-SCH)
• Higher rate data, packet data or circuit-switched
• Typically time-shared among users, 160 ms at a
  time
• Broadcast Control Channel (F-BCCH)
• Small payloads, low rate, large latencies
• SMS-like data
• Introduces a new Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH)
• Called as FL Radio Configuration 10
• High rate, rapidly time-shared among users
• Uses adaptive modulation and coding schemes

E
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CDMA2000 Compatibility

• CDMA2000 Revision C is fully backward compatible
• IS-95A or newer mobile stations can operate in a
  Revision C cell
• 1xEV-DV capable mobiles can do data on older
  systems

Base Station supporting Revision C
Base Station supporting Revision 0
E
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1xEV-DV Key Concepts

• Maximizes the use of Forward Link resources
• Forward Transmit power and
• Code channel Resources
• Allocates left-over power to the packet data
  channel (PDCH)
• Data to different users are TDMd on F-PDCH
• Uses advanced communication techniques
• Channel-sensitive scheduling
• Multi-user diversity
• Adaptive modulation and coding
• Incremental redundancy

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1xEV-DV Dynamic Resource Allocation
Dedicated Common CHs
Leftovers pooled into PDCH
Walsh Space
Time

• Pool unused power and code channels into F-PDCH
• Transmission must adapt to dynamics in resources

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F-PDCH Time-Sharing
For User 2
For User 1
Maximum
BTS Transmit Power
Time
Fundamental and Supplemental Channels
Overhead Channels
E
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4 Key Principles of 1xEV-DV
1) Rapid Adaptive modulation and coding for each
transmission

• Adapt parameters based on
• Available BTS resources
• Amount of data to transmit
• Channel condition
• Allows the full use of available resources

2) Transmit for short durations of time

• Transmission durations of 1.25 ms to 5 ms
• Minimizes variations during transmission period
  due to
• Available resources
• Channel conditions

E
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4 Key Principles of 1xEV-DV

• 3) Transmit to only 1 (or 2) users at a time

• Wait, and transmit to a user when the users
  channel is at its best
• Avoids wasting power trying to get a packet
  through the channel when it has faded away

4) Provide a method for fast and efficient
re-transmission

• Also called as Adaptive Asynchronous Incremental
  Redundancy technique
• Get ACK or NAK back fast from the MS
• Combine transmissions and re-transmissions for
  better decoding
• Allows to be very aggressive and transmit at
  highest data rate possible

E
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F-PDCH Frame Format

• 6 possible physical layer payloads 386, 770,
  1538, 2306, 3074, 3842 bits

• Three possible transmission durations 1, 2, or 4
  slots of 1.25ms

• Minimum 1.25 ms 1 slot
• Lower rates get more consecutive slots
• Three possible modulations QPSK, 8-PSK, or
  16-QAM
• Data rates defined by a total of 127 combinations
  per sub-packet
• Up to 28 code channels of length 32 are available
  to use

• Destination MS, modulation, coding, and Walsh
  codes explicitly indicated in control channel
  (F-PDCCH)

E
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1xEV-DO New Enhancements Revision A
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Whats Next for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO?Multimedia
Services, Increase Data Rates and System
Capacity, and Lower Costs
Quality of Service (QOS) Different levels of
priority
Receive Diversity 4X capacity in 1.25 MHz
Instant Multi-media Audio and video together
2x Multicarrier Two 1xEV-DO carriers
simultaneously, doubling data rates

• Personal Media
• Multiple channels of video/audio

Location-based services (LBS) High resolution
locations
Equalizer Increase sector capacity 20-60
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1xEV-DO Release A Enhancements

• Capacity Improvement relative to existing 1xEV-DO
  systems
• Higher Data Rates on both Forward and Reverse
  Links
• Better utilization of PL throughput with improved
  RL MAC algorithms
• QOS Support with improved Latency Characteristics
• Low, Bounded Latency for CBR applications (VoIP,
  Gaming etc.)
• Low, Transient Latency for sporadic, interactive
  traffic (Telnet etc.)
• Similar link budget as the current system
• Backward compatibility and Interoperability with
  legacy DO systems

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Physical and MAC Layer Features

• Reverse Link
• Physical Layer Hybrid ARQ CDMA with Hybrid ARQ
• Flexible Packet Length
• Higher Peak Rate (153.6 kbps ? 1.8 Mbps)
• Finer Rate Quantization
• Enhanced MAC Algorithms
• Improved Latency Performance and Better QoS
  Support
• Forward Link
• Improved Packing Efficiency
• Higher Peak Rate (2.4 Mbps ? 3.1 Mbps)
• Improved QoS Support

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Physical MAC Layer Features

• Shorter Packets with Incremental Transmission
• Up to four bursts of 4-slot transmissions (4-slot
  subpackets)
• 8-slot interval between successive transmissions
  of the same packet
• Three ARQ interlaces
• Physical Layer Based Hybrid ARQ (PL ARQ)
• 3-slot ARQ (ie, ACK/NAK) Signal on the FL,
  between two successive transmissions of the same
  RL packet
• Packet Soft combining with Incremental Redundancy
  
• MAC Layer Based ARQ
• Enhanced reliability of last ARQ message of a
  packet
• Detect packet erasure after the final burst of
  packet transmission
• MAC Layer Retransmission of erased physical layer
  packets

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Physical Layer ARQ Timeline
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Key Factors to Better Performance

• Capacity Improvement
• Higher Data Rates and Finer Quantization
• Data rates ranging from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps
• Smoother rate transitions and interference
  variation
• Improved code rates and higher order modulation
  for large packets
• QPSK modulation introduced
• Data channel spreading uses either or both of
  2-ary and 4-ary Walsh code channel
• Code rate 1/5 for all 16-slot packets
• Hybrid ARQ with IR
• Enables packet to early terminate in the presence
  of channel variation and imperfect power control

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Key Factors to Better Performance

• Latency Improvement
• Ability to start a new packet at 4-slot
  boundaries
• Terminals have the ability to boost transmit
  power to force packet termination after the
  first, second or third sub packets
• The power boost procedure is regulated by RL MAC
• Flexibility in the choice of Payload Size Vs.
  Data Rate combinations
• Bigger/Longer Packets provide more coding gain,
  time diversity, and are more capacity-efficient
• Smaller/Shorter Packets provide better packing
  efficiency (for low rate traffic) and are more
  delay-efficient

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Throughput Latency Results
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Performance Evaluation

• Preliminary simulation results show
• Near 50 improvement in capacity over Rev. 0 with
  similar latency performance
• 10 AT/sector Capacity 600 kbps
• Over 60 improvement in latency reduction over
  Rev. 0 with similar capacity performance
• Tradeoff between capacity and latency tradeoff
• Use bigger and longer packets for higher capacity
• Use smaller and shorter packets to achieve lower
  latency

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New Enhancements in WCDMA Technologies
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3G WCDMA is Here Today
2M subs in Japan Jan 2004, FOMA coverage area
from 98 to 99 by the end of FY03
QUALCOMM WCDMA Handset Estimate As of January 21,
2004
15M
4M
Source DoCoMo Q303 Earnings
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WCDMA Enhancements

• Release 4 Enhancements
• All-IP Core Network
• Efficient IP support
• Expected Date of Commercial Deployments Y2004
• Release 5 Enhancements
• High Speed Packet Data Channel (HSPDA)
• Peak Data Rates 14.4 Mbps
• Average Sector Throughput 2.2 to 4.2 Mbps in 5
  MHz spectrum
• Modulation Schemes QPSK 16-QAM
• Expected Date of Commercial Deployments Y2005
• Release 6 Enhancements
• Enhanced Uplink (EUL)

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WCDMA HSDPA Overview Release 5
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HSDPA Features

• Overlay on top of regular R99 W-CDMA Channels
• New Forward Link Data Channel similar to EV-DV
• Hybrid ARQ
• Incremental Redundancy
• Soft Combining
• Modulation Rearrangement
• Fast Re-transmissions
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding
• Channel sensitive scheduling
• Based on Channel Quality Information feedback
• Adaptive/Asynchronous re-transmissions
• Higher order modulation (QPSK 16QAM)

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Features (cont.)

• CDM to be able to schedule multiple users in
  parallel
• Mobility achieved through higher layer signaling
• Associated Dedicated Channel
• Maximum spreading factor SF256
• Used to transmit higher layer signaling
• Multiple UE capabilities
• Modulation (support for 16QAM)
• Number of codes
• Inter-TTI time (Nb of HARQ processes)

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Deployment Aspects

• Higher data-rates through the back-bone
• 10Mbps peak rate
• 2Mbps average rate
• More complex Node-B
• Protocol termination
• Scheduling/Rate selection
• UE Capabilities
• Support of different UE classes
• Varying performance / complexity / costs
• 12 different classes
• From 900kbps-14.4Mbps peak rate
• Support for 16QAM
• Support for 5/10/15 SF16 Codes

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HSDPA Performance

• Theoretical limit
• 14.4Mbps (3840kcps15/164)
• Essentially impossible to obtain in the field
• Practical limit
• 10Mbps (3840kcps15/1643/4)
• A single active UE in the network
• Highest capabilities
• Very close to the BTS
• Average data-rate based on simulations
• 2.5Mbps for full capability UEs
• 2Mbps for limited capability UEs (5/15 codes, no
  16QAM)

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WCDMA EUL Overview Release 6
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WCDMA Enhancements

• Release 6 Enhancements
• Enhanced Uplink (EUL)
• Increased average cell throughput
• Peak Data Rates 4 Mbps
• Uses adaptive Modulation Schemes
• Uses QPSK Modulation
• Hybrid-ARQ Protocols
• EUL will be strictly scheduled
• Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Systems (MBMS)
• MIMO Techniques and Beam forming Enhancements
• Expected Data of Completion of Standards Dec
  2004
• Expected Date of Commercial Deployments Y2006

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EUL Design Goals

• Increase average cell throughput
• Peak throughput is not a major driving factor
• Node-B scheduling
• Reduced turn-around time
• Improved link efficiency
• Boosted phase reference
• Retransmissions with IR

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EUL Baseline Design Proposal

• Node-B Scheduled system
• TTI 2 ms or 10 ms
• UE allowed to use only one TTI
• Typical mapping based on UE SHO status
• Modulation
• QPSK
• SF 4
• Maximum number of OVSF codes 3
• HARQ
• Synchronous operation
• Retransmissions
• 4 redundancy versions
• Incremental redundancy (IR)
• Peak Rate
• 4.096 Mbps with 2 ms TTI
• 819.2 kbps with 10 ms TTI

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E-DPDCH Sample MCS 2 ms
Index TBS Mod of codes Code Rate 1 Tx Data Rate (kbps) 2 Tx Data Rate (kbps) 4 Tx Data Rate (kbps)
3 1024 QPSK 1 0.333 512 256 128
7 2048 QPSK 1 0.533 1024 512 256
11 3072 QPSK 2 0.400 1536 768 384
15 4096 QPSK 2 0.533 2048 1024 512
19 5120 QPSK 3 0.444 2560 1280 640
23 6144 QPSK 3 0.533 3072 1536 768
27 7168 QPSK 3 0.622 3584 1792 896
31 8192 QPSK 3 0.711 4096 2048 1024
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Summary

• 3G wireless services are rapidly spreading the
  global market place with CDMA as the preferred
  technology solution
• The following are the key 3G Technologies that
  have emerged to be the key commercial players
• CDMA2000 1X
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
• WCDMA
• The main focus of 3G so far has been to provide
  high capacity voice and higher downlink data
  throughput
• 26 Erlangs in 1.25 MHz voice capacity with
  CDMA2000 1x
• 1.15 Mbps in 1.25 MHz downlink average sector
  throughput with 1xEV-DO
• 51 Erlangs in 5 MHz voice capacity with WCDMA
• A host of new enhancements are underway for all
  flavors of 3G CDMA technologies
• More Capable Uplink
• Provision for higher data rates for both Up and
  Down links
• All IP, QoS and Support for Multimedia
  applications
• 3.1 Mbps in 1.25 MHz carrier Downlink Peak Data
  Rates with 1xEV-DO
• 4.1 Mbps in 5 MHz carrier Uplink Peak Data Rates
  with WCDMA/HSDPA
• 52 Erlangs Voice Capacity in 1.25 MHz carrier
  with CDMA2000

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Thank You
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1xEV-DV Data and Voice Performance Issues

• Optimal data solution is possible when packet
  data is sent on a dedicated RF channel where data
  throughput can be maximized by using the
  following techniques
• Transmit full power and use all code channels
  whenever data is to be transmitted
• Apply multi-user diversity with channel-sensitive
  scheduling
• Use Adaptive modulation and coding
• Use Incremental redundancy (H-ARQ)
• BS transmit power and number of code channels in
  use vary rapidly because of fast forward power
  control and soft handoffs of voice users
• Requires reserving margin in both power and code
  channels for voice traffic
• Power may not be available for an optimal data
  solution
• Not able to transmit at high data rates even if
  channel condition is good
• Results in loss in data throughput without
  gaining in voice capacity
• ? A net loss in efficiency

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RL Packet Parameters (1)
Payload Size (bits) Modu-lation Effective Data Rate (kbps) Effective Data Rate (kbps) Effective Data Rate (kbps) Effective Data Rate (kbps) Code Rate Repetition Code Rate Repetition Code Rate Repetition Code Rate Repetition
Payload Size (bits) Modu-lation After 4 slots After 8 slots After 12 slots After 16 slots After 4 slots After 8 slots After 12 slots After 16 slots
1 128 BPSKD0 19.2 9.6 6.4 4.8 1/5 3.2 1/5 6.4 1/5 9.6 1/5 12.8
2 256 BPSKD0 38.4 19.2 12.8 9.6 1/5 1.6 1/5 3.2 1/5 4.8 1/5 6.4
3 512 BPSKD0 76.8 38.4 25.6 19.2 1/4 1 1/5 1.6 1/5 2.4 1/5 3.2
4 768 BPSKD0 115.2 57.6 38.4 28.8 3/8 1 1/5 1.07 1/5 1.6 1/5 2.13
5 1024 BPSKD0 153.6 76.8 51.2 38.4 1/2 1 1/4 1 1/5 1.2 1/5 1.6
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RL Packet Parameters (2)
Payload (bits) Modu-lation Effective Data Rate in kbps Effective Data Rate in kbps Effective Data Rate in kbps Effective Data Rate in kbps Code Rate Repetition Code Rate Repetition Code Rate Repetition Code Rate Repetition
Payload (bits) Modu-lation After 4 slots After 8 slots After 12 slots After 16 slots After 4 slots After 8 slots After 12 slots After 16 slots
6 1536 QPSK D0 230.4 115.2 76.8 57.6 3/8 1 1/5 1.07 1/5 1.6 1/5 2.13
7 2048 QPSK D0 307.2 153.6 102.4 76.8 1/2 1 1/4 1 1/5 1.2 1/5 1.6
8 3072 QPSK D1 460.8 230.4 153.6 115.2 3/8 1 1/5 1.07 1/5 1.6 1/5 2.13
9 4096 QPSK D1 614.4 307.2 204.8 153.6 1/2 1 1/4 1 1/5 1.2 1/5 1.6
10 6144 QPSK D0 D1 921.6 460.4 307.2 230.4 1/2 1 1/4 1 1/5 1.2 1/5 1.6
11 8192 QPSK D0 D1 1228.8 614.4 409.6 307.2 2/3 1 1/3 1 2/9 1 1/5 1.2
12 12288 QPSK 1843.2 921.6 614.4
409.6 ½ ¼ 1/5 1/5
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Reverse Link Channel Structure