Fate of Digestive EndProducts

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Fate of Digestive End-Products
Fats and Glycogen are the MAIN STORES for extra
energy in the body You must convert fats
glycogen to GLUCOSE for metabolism!!!!!
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Converting stored Glycogen to Glucose vice versa
Hormones Insulin Glucagon control the rate of
conversion When blood glucose is high INSULIN
dominates When blood glucose is low GLUCAGON
dominates
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Insulin Glucagon are synthesized in pancreatic
islet cells
Pancreatic Duct
Small Intestine
Pancreas
Alpha Cells secrete GLUCAGON
Islet Cells
Acini Cells
Beta Cells secrete INSULIN
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The Liver

• Storage Liver is a major storage site of glucose

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High Plasma Glucose Insulin secretion
Low Plasma Glucose Glucagon secretion
Diabetes mellitus is a lack of insulin (type 1)
or non-functional insulin (type 2)
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Diabetes chronically high plasma glucose levels
Insulin not secreted or not effective Excess
glucose remains in blood Can only be eliminated
via kidney (VERY SLOW)
Insulin secreted excess glucose converted to
glycogen
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Diabetes Multisystem Pathophysiology
1) Excess glucose in renal filtrate
(glucosuria) 2) Glucose in filtrate draws water
away from renal ISF.huge increase in urine
volume 3) Decreased blood volume pressure 4)
Circulatory system fails to compensate over
timeanaerobic metabolism from dying tissues 5)
Metabolic acidosis shuts down CNS 6) DEATH!
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Reproductive Physiology

• Menstrual Cycle
• Pregnancy
• Lactation

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Menstrual Cycle Generalizations and terms

• Two main phase follicular luteal
• Pituitary Gland secretes
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormnone (FSH)
• Ovary produces follicles (eggs)
• Follicle secretes Estrogen, Progesterone, Inhibin
• Uterus prepares for follicle fertilization
  growth

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Menstrual Cycle Step-by-step

• FOLLICULAR PHASE
• 1) Period old uterine lining sloughed
• FSH is high gt a follicle matures
• 2) Estrogen gradually increases inhibiting FSH
• ensures only one follicle
• LUTEAL PHASE
• 3) Estrogen levels peak causing spike in FSH LH
• ovulation follicle leaves ovary
• Uterine wall (CORPUS LUTEUM) thickens
• Fertilization can now occur.assume it
  doesnt
• 4) Follicle secretes Progesterone Inhibin
• Corpus luteum thickens
• prepares for implantation

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Pregnancy..stopping the menstrual cycle!
Estradiol Estrogen
Corpus Luteum and later Placenta secrete Estrogen
Progesterone This prevents the breakdown of
the uterine wall.thus preventing a
period Estrogen Progesterone Levels stay
elevated due to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Pregnancy tests hCG tests!
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Parturition Labor

• Mechanism that initiates labor is not well
  understood
• Progestrone Estrogen drop after labor begins
• Oxytocin initiates Uterine contractions
• but inducing labor with articificial oxytocin
  doesnt always work
• 3) Fetus may secrete a hormone

Once labor begins uterus undergoes powerful
contractions Tissue in birth canal softens due
to the peptide, RELAXIN Which eject the baby
and cause delivery
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Lactation
Smooth Muscle cells
Milk Ducts
Milk secreting cells
Myoepitheleal cells
Mammary Gland
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Control of Lactation
Crying baby
Higher Brain
Hypothalamus
PIH
Post. Pituitary
Ant. Pituitary
Oxytocin Myoepithelial Duct Muscle
Contraction Prolactin Milk secretion in
mammary gland
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Milk Secretion
HAPPY BABY!
Smooth Muscle Contration
Suckling
Mechanoreceptors
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Hope you enjoyed Human Physiology
Confocal image of retinal layers