Ch 25 American and WWII 19411945

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Ch 25 American and WWII1941-1945

• Study Guide

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• Section 1
• What day, month, and year did the Japanese attack
  Pearl Harbor?
• December 7, 1941
• Why did Roosevelt not want to fight the war on
  two fronts?
• He didnt think we had the Navy to fight it in
  both the Atlantic and Pacific. We will have to
  build up the Navy and the Air Force

3

• Roosevelt predicted the US will have to take a
  good many ___before we can have a victory.
• Defeats
• What astounded the rest of the world about the
  United States of America?
• Our industrial output

4

• In less than four years the US achieved what no
  other nation had ever done. What was it?
• It fought and won a two-front war against two
  powerful militaries forcing them to surrender
  unconditionally.
• The usual way for obtaining military equipment
  was for the government to ask companies to bid on
  projects. What did the government do this time
  instead of taking bids?

5

• Bidding process was too slow. So the govt signed
  cost-plus contracts. Govt agreed to pay the cost
  to make a product plus a of the costs as
  profit. This encouraged companies to produce
  more.
• What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
  now permitted to do?
• It could now make loans to companies to help
  cover the cost of converting to wartime
  production.

6

• By the summer of 1942 how many companies had
  converted to wartime production?
• 200,000
• What particular industry was suited to the mass
  production of military equipment?
• The Automobile Industry
• Hendry Ford launched a project. What did he
  produce? How much of the product did he produce?

7

• An assembly line for B-24 bombers or
• the Liberator
• He built over 8,600 by the end of the war.
• How much military equipment did the automobile
  industry produce during WWI?
• Over 1/3 of the military production
• Describe the Liberty Ship and what advantage it
  had.
• Cargo ship. Welded no riveted. Cheap, easy to
  build and hard to sink.

8

• TypeCargo shipNameLiberty ship classBuilders18
  shipyards in the USAShips in class2751Ships
  preserved

SS John W. Brown, one of two surviving
operational Liberty ships.
9

• What function did the War Production Board serve?
• They had the authority to set priorities and
  production goals and control distribution of raw
  materials and supplies
• What agencies clashed with the WPB? Explain why.
• Military
• List the name of the Agency that settled
  arguments between different agencies.
• Office of War Mobilization

10

• 16. What was the Selective Service and Training
  Act set up to do?
• A peacetime draft in America.
• Did it pass?
• No
• What changed Congresss mind?
• France Defeat
• 17. Why were American soldiers called GIs in
  WWII?
• Their clothing had the initials GI government
  issue

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• 18. One good thing about basic training was that
  it helped do what?
• It broke down barriers between soldiers to create
  a sense of kinship (belonging) among them.
• 19. Was the army integrated in WWII?
• No
• National Urban League had 2 goals
• 1. Promote effective participation of African
  Americans in all phases of the war effort

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• To formulate plans for building the kind of
  United States in which we wish to live after the
  war is over
• 20.Explain what is meant by the Double V
  Campaign.
• A victory over Hitlers racism abroad and a
  victory over racism at home.
• What newspaper named this campaign the Double V?

13

• 21. Who was the highest ranking African American
  Officer in WWII? What was his top rank?
• Colonel Benjamin O. Davis
• US Army Brigadier General
• 22. What name is the 99th Pursuit Squadron best
  know by?
• Tuskegee Airmen

14

• 23. What did the successes of African Americans
  in WWII pave the way for?
• President Trumans decision to fully integrate
  the military in 1948
• 24. What jobs did women serve in WWII?
• Administrative clerical, nurses.
• What were they called?
• WAAC (Womens Army Auxiliary Corp) later WAC
  (Women's Army Corp)
• What was Release a man for combat?

15

• US suffered the fewest casualties combat.
• 25. Write down what a Czechoslovakian soldier
  thought of our US troops.
• They walk like free men
• What do you think he meant by that statement?

16
Converting to wartime economy
Building an army

• Challenges to Mobilization

Training troops
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• Section 2
• Lieutenant Commander James Thach developed the
  Thach Weave. Why did he develop this tactic and
  where did he first use it?
• The Japanese Zero fighter planes were better than
  his Wildcat fighter plane. He first used it at
  the Battle of Midway
• Name the commander of the US Navy in the Pacific.
  What was he planning for?
• Chester Nimitz

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• After attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese
  launched air attacks on American airfields in the
  Philippines a few hours later.
• What problem did American and Filipinos have?
• They were outnumbered.
• Who was their commander?

19

• General Douglas MacArthur
• What did he decide to do?
• Retreat to the Bataan Peninsula.

General MacArthur (right) confers with General
Wainwright. (DA photograph)
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• How long did Americans and Filipinos hold out at
  Bataan?
• More than 3 months
• What problems wore them down?
• Lack of supplies, malaria, scurvy, dysentery
• What did Roosevelt decide to do?
• He ordered the MacArthur to evacuate to
  Australia.
• What was MacArthurs promise?
• I came through, and I shall return

22

• When was the surrender of Bataan?
• April 9, 1942
• Almost 78,000 POWs were captured.
• Describe the Bataan Death March?
• The POWs were forced to march 65 miles to a
  Japanese prison camp.

23

• (Read Leon Becks account). This account by an
  eye witness is called a what?
• http//www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac
  /misc-42/doolt-p.htm

24
The poet is unknown. It is inscribed on the
monument to the Pacific War Dead, in Corregidor,
Philippines. Each May 6th, the sun is in such a
position that it's rays fall into the center of
the monument, exactly at noon.
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• Americans held out the longest on Corregidor in
  Manila Bay
• In what month and year did the Philippines fall?
• May 1942
• Why do you think President Roosevelt was
  searching for a way to boost morale?

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• When Doolittle decided to bomb Tokyo, B-25s
  planes were used.
• What ship was used?
• The Hornet
• What problems did the airplane crews have on
  their mission?
• They could take off, but they could not land.
• They would have to land in China.

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• http//www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac
  /misc-42/doolt-a.htm
• http//www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac
  /misc-42/dooltl.htm

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The Medal of Honor
General James H. Doolittle, USAF
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USS Hornet
B-25 Bomber
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• How many men survived in the Doolittle Raid?
• 71 of 80
• This mission was an instant morale booster.
• Who was the commander of the Japanese fleet?

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• Admiral Yamamoto
• What did he propose that the Japanese do and why?

34

• 13. Japanese wanted to cut American supply lines
  to Australia by capturing south coast of New
  Guinea
• The Japanese felt the American fleet had to be
  destroyed to protect Tokyo?
• By attacking Midway it would lure the American
  fleet into battle and enable his fleet to destroy
  the American fleet.

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• The Japanese thought their plans were secret and
  they could surprise the Americans. They did not
  know that America had a team of code breakers who
  had already broken the Japanese Navys secret
  code for conducting operations.
• Admiral Nimitz sent the Yorktown and Lexington to
  the Coral Sea to intercept the Japanese there.

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USS Yorktown
Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz
USS Lexington
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USS Lexington
39
Damage to the Yorktown
More seriously, a third bomb hit the flight deck
near the after end of the island, penetrated five
decks down into the ship and exploded above the
fourth deck. Its blast and the resulting fires
killed and injured dozens of crewmen.
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• On 7 May 1942, during the Battle of the Coral
  Sea, Shoho was sunk by an overwhelming dive
  bombing and torpedo attack delivered by aircraft
  from USS Lexington (CV-2) and USS Yorktown
  (CV-5).

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• Americans forced the Japanese to call off the
  attack on New Guinea, and the Americans kept the
  supplies lines open to Australia.
• Why was the Battle of Midway considered a turning
  point?

43

• The Japanese Navy lost four of its largest
  carriers and their initiative. The US had stopped
  the Japanese advance in the Pacific. This
  Japanese were put on the deffensive.
• What happened to the Japanese planes that
  attacked Midway Island?
• They met anti-aircraft fire and 38 were shot down
• American planes bombed the 3 Japanese carriers. A
  4th sunk hours later.

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• The Japanese Navy lost four of its largest
  carriers.
• Yamamoto did what?
• Retreat, Retreat, Retreat
• What did Stalin want the US and Great Britain to
  do?
• To open a second front in Europe
• FDR and Churchill decided to do what instead.
  What happened in July of 1942?
• They attacked the periphery of Germans

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• Invasion of Morocco and Algeria
• List reasons that FDR decided to attack Morocco
  and Algeria first.
• The invasion would give the army some experience
  without requiring a lot of troops.
• Once American troops were in North Africa they
  could help British troops fight the Germans in
  Egypt.

46

• Why was Egypt important to the British?
• Suez Canal
• Who was the commander of the Africa Korps
  (German forces there)
• General Erwin Rommel aka Desert Fox
• Who commanded American troops in North Africa?
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Who lead American forces in Morocco?

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Negotiations at Algiers, 13 November 1942.
Left to right, General Eisenhower, Admiral
Darlan, Maj. Gen. Mark W. Clark, and Mr. Robert
Murphy of the US. State Department. (National
Archives)
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• U.S. Navy task force carrying General Patton s
  Western Task Force
• approaches the coast of French Morocco. (National
  Archives)

50

• General George Patton
• Americans fought the Germans for the first time
  at what battle. What happened?
• Battle of Kasserine Pass in the mountains of
  western Tunisia.
• It didnt go well. Eisenhower fired the general
  who led the attack and put Patton in charge.

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• The Germans surrender in North Africa
• May 13, 1943
• German Subs Attacked cargo ships at night in
  American coastal waters.
• People on the East Coast do to protect their
  ships with Blackouts.
• By 1942, German subs had sunk 360 American ships.
  
• The loss of these ships convinced the US Navy to
  set up a Convoy System.

52

• From July 1942 onward, American shipyards
  produced more ships than German subs could sink.
• American airplanes and warships used new
  technology.
• Radar, sonar and depth charges to locate subs.

53

• What did With new technology the Allies hurt
  Germany which enabled them to win the Battle of
  the Atlantic?
• Stalingrad
• Hitler thought the only way to defeat the Soviet
  Union was to destroy its economy.
• He ordered the capture of strategic areas. The
  key to the attack Stalingrad. It controlled the
  Volga River and a major RR junction and by
  capturing it, Soviet resources would be cut off.

54

• Stalin ordered hold at all cost until
  reinforcements arrived. They arrived and trapped
  250,000 Germans.
• How many Germans surrendered at Stalingrad?
• 91,000
• How many of those survived Soviet prison camps?
• 5,000

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• Why was Stalingrad a turning point in WWII?
• It put the Germans on the defensive, just like
  the Battle of Midway put the Japanese on the
  defensive.

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• Achieving Victory
• Europe
• The Pacific

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• Section 3
• Highlights of 1940s

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CBS demonstrates the first color television in
New York City, and WNBT in New York City becomes
the country's first regular television station,
broadcasting to about 10,000 viewers. the first
MacDonald's hamburger stand opens in Pasadena,
California.
1940
1942

• "Casablanca" premieres in theatres about the same
  time the Allied Expeditionary Forces landed and
  started bombing the real Casablanca in Morocco,
  North Africa, an area occupied by the Nazis.

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1942

• Dozens of everyday items such as gasoline and
  sugar are rationed. At the end of 1941 the
  government halts the production of cars to save
  steel, glass and rubber for war industries. In
  1942 the government stops manufacture of
  refrigerators, radios, sewing machines, vacuum
  cleaners, and phonographs.

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1942

• Radar is put to general use. The first nuclear
  reactor was built. The first electronic digital
  computer is built in Iowa. The 1,522-mile Alcan
  Highway opens, connecting Dawson Creek, British
  Columbia with Fairbanks, Alaska. The concern
  about a Japanese invasion through Alaska makes
  construction of the Alcan a military priority.
  Thousands of US and Canadian soldiers build the
  highway in a little over eight months. They work
  through the heat, mosquitoes in the summer, and
  winter temperatures near 40 degrees below zero.

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1943 The Pentagon in Washington D.C. is completed
and becomes the largest office building in the
world. President Roosevelt freezes prices, and
wages to prevent inflation. Wage-earners have a
20 percent flat income tax taken out of their
paychecks. Because copper is needed for war
material, 1943 US pennies are made from steel and
zinc. War industries boost the growth of cities
as farm-dwellers move to the cities and work in
defense industries. Selman Waksman discovers
streptomycin and coins the term "antibiotic."
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• At the University of Nebraska, football coach
  Biff Jones leaves for military service, as do
  many of the region's athletes. Like other
  schools, Nebraska fields some rag-tag teams
  during the war years. Tom "Train Wreck" Novak
  earns 1949 All-America honors on a team with a
  4-5 record. In the 1940s Nebraska has a string of
  losing seasons that doesn't end until 1950.
• The jitterbug is a hot dance craze. "Oklahoma" is
  a popular musical on stage, and people go to see
  "For Whom the Bell Tolls," "The Ox-Bow Incident"
  and "Desert Victory" at the movies. Frank Sinatra
  and Dinah Shore are America's most popular
  singers.

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• 1944
• The morning of June 6, 1944, (known as D-Day)
  3,000 warships carry 200,000 American and British
  soldiers cross the stormy English Channel and
  land on the heavily fortified beaches of
  Normandy, France, to begin a vicious battle with
  the German army. The Battle of the Bulge begins
  in December as Hitler musters 500,000 troops
  along the Allied front from southern Belgium into
  Luxembourg. In bitter cold, they push ahead 50
  miles, creating a bulge in the Allied lines. By
  the end of January, 1945, more than 76,000
  Americans have been killed, wounded or captured.

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• Nearly one million men, women, and children in
  the Leningrad, Russia, die from starvation and
  cold during a two-and-a-half-year siege and
  blockade by German troops. In China, the war
  begins its seventh year and Japanese troops
  occupying China were given orders to make the
  land uninhabitable. In Japan, children are taken
  out of school to work in factories producing
  bombs and other war equipment.

65

• DDT is developed to wipe out lice, a carrier of
  typhus, a disease which is infecting soldiers.
  DNA is isolated by Oswald Avery. The Germans
  develop the V-2, the first missile.

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• Section 3
• Describe the changes that WWII brought on
  American Society.
• The wartime labor shortage forced factories to
  recruit married women to do industrial jobs.

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• What was the great symbol of the campaign to hire
  women?
• Rosie the Riveter
• When you repeat consonants sounds in two or more
  neighboring words it is called _____.

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• 2.5 million women went to work in WWII? They
  worked in shipyards, aircraft factories, mfg.
  plants
• Read Profiles in History. Briefly describe in
  your own words the importance of the Native
  Americans against the Japanese? What language was
  it? What was different about their language?
• Even though factories were hiring women, they
  were not hiring African Americans

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• What did A. Phillip Randolph do about it?
• Informed FDR he was organizing from ten to fifty
  thousand to march on Washington in the interest
  of securing jobsin national defense and
  integration into the military and naval forces.
• FDR issued Executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941
  declared, there shall be no discrimination in
  the employment of workers in defense industries
  or government because of race, creed, color or
  national origin.

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• What commission was created to enforce it?
• Fair Employment Practices Commission
• The first civil rights agency established by the
  federal government since the Reconstruction Era.
• Explain the Bracero Program.
• Bracero means worker in Spanish. The federal
  govt arranged for over 200,000 Mexicans to come
  to the US to help harvest in SW US. It continued
  until 1964

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• Could we use a program like this today to solve
  the need for laborers in the US? Why or why not?
• What new industrial region was created?
• Sunbelt
• It represented the south and the west. This
  caused a housing crisis and led to over 1.2
  billion for public housing, schools, and
  community centers.

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• Looking at the map on page 751 Which region had
  the highest amount of new residents?
• West why do you think so many moved during the
  1940s?
• A zoot suit had very baggy, pleated pants and an
  overstuffed, knee-length jacket with wide lapels.
  It cold be accessorized with a wide-brimmed hat
  and a long key chain. Hair was usually long and
  gathered in a ducktail.

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• Racial tensions ran high against Mexican American
  teenagers why?
• A Victory Suit was a suit with no vest, no cuffs,
  a short jacket, and narrow lapels this was to
  save fabric for the war. Seen as patriotic
• 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the armed
  forces during the war. 17 Mexican Americans
  received the Congressional Medal of Honor.

75

• Due to Japans attack on Pearl Harbor, some
  Americans believed Japanese Americans would
  remain loyal to the US. In Feb 1942 FDR gave in
  to pressure and signed an order that gave War
  Dept. right to set up Japanese Internment Camps.
• In Korematsu vs the US the Sup. Ct. ruled it was
  based on military urgency
• Not long after that the Court ruled Ex Parte Endo
  that loyal American citizens could not be held
  against their will.

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• In early 1945 govt began to release the Japanese
  from the internment camps.
• Japanese served as translators. The 442nd
  Regimental Combat Team was the most decorated
  unit in WWII, and it was integrated with
  Japanese. 1988 Regan apologized and granted
  20,000 to each surviving interned Japanese
  American.
• The office of Price Administration was created to
  stabilize wages and prices.

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• The O.E.S. (Office of Economic Stabilization)
  regulated wages and the price of farm products.
• Together the OPA and the OES were able to keep
  inflation under control.
• Explain rationing.
• Limiting the availability of many products to
  make sure enough were available for military use.
• What type products were rationed?
• Meat, sugar, gasoline, rubber, driving, speed
  limit.

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• Blue Coupons were called blue points and
  controlled processed foods.
• Red Coupons, or red points, controlled meats,
  fats, and oils.
• The government encouraged Victory Gardens. They
  were planted in any area of land that might
  become a garden.
• Scrap drives were organized to collect spare
  rubber, tin, aluminum, and steel.
• Bacon grease and meat drippings for extra ration
  coupons. Another reason for US success of
  American industry in war.

79

• More than 300 billion was spent during WWII.
• E Bonds were bonds that the govt promised could
  be cashed in at a future date for the purchase
  price plus interest? They sold for 18.75 and
  could be redeemed for 25.00 after ten years.

80

• In 1946, the first digital computer is introduced
  at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering in
  Philadelphia. The machine is huge 30 by 60 feet
  and weighs 60,000 pounds. A little different
  than today's hand-held computers!
• Movies "Going My Way," with Bing Crosby and
  Ingrid Bergman, "Gaslight," "Lifeboat," "Meet Me
  in St. Louis," and "The Fighting Lady." Favorite
  books include The Razor's Edge by Somerset
  Maugham and A Bell for Adano by John Hersey. NBC
  airs the first US television network newscast.

81

• President Franklin Roosevelt dies of a brain
  hemorrhage, and Missouri native Harry S. Truman
  becomes president. After considering all options,
  Truman gives the order and on August 6, 1945, the
  US drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. In
  minutes, half of the city vanishes and about
  200,000 people are killed or missing. Radiation
  reaches more than 100,000 people. On August 9,
  the US drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. In
  September, Japan surrenders unconditionally on
  board the USS Missouri.

82

• "Carousel" opens on Broadway in New York City.
  Big band swing and "zoot" suits become popular.
  Popular songs include music from "Carousel," "At
  Mail Call Today" by Gene Autry "Aren't You Glad
  You're You" by Bing Crosby and "This Heart of
  Mine," by Judy Garland, as well a songs by Nat
  King Cole and Frank Sinatra. Gwendolyn Brooks, F.
  Scott Fitzgerald, and John Steinbeck are popular
  authors. Richard Wright's book Black Boy has an
  impact on the awareness of racial discrimination
  in the US.

83

• Grand Rapids, Michigan, is the first US city to
  fluoridate its water supply, improving dental
  health for the entire community. Raymond Libby
  develops oral penicillin.
• By the time World War II was over, nearly 300,000
  Americans had been killed. In all countries bout
  55 million people lost their lives. And more
  civilians lost their lives than soldiers.

84

• The first meeting of the United Nation's general
  assembly is held in London. Winston Churchill
  gives a speech cautioning the world of the Soviet
  Union's expansion ambitions. He uses the term
  "Iron Curtain." Twelve Nazi leaders are sentenced
  to hang after war trials at Nuremberg, Germany.

85

• The 1945 War Brides Act allows foreign-born wives
  of US citizens who served in the US military to
  enter the US A year later, another law permits
  fiancés of American soldiers to enter the US
  legally
• Jukeboxes go into mass production. One-story,
  split-level houses, called ranch style homes,
  become a trend in post-war housing construction.

86

• Dr. Benjamin Spock writes a best-selling book
  called Baby and Child Care, the famous how-to
  book for parents. A nationwide telephone
  numbering plan begins. Soap operas air on
  television for the first time with "Faraway
  Hill." On Broadway, Irving Berlin's musical
  "Annie Get your Gun" is a hit.

87

• People read John Hersey's book Hiroshima and
  Robert Penn Warren's novel All the King's Men. At
  the movies, people see "The Best Years of Our
  Lives," a story about the readjustment families
  face when loved ones return from war. "The
  Yearling," "The Razor's Edge," and "It's a
  Wonderful Life" are also popular.

88

• Section 4
• The first large Allied invasion of the war, the
  attack on North Africa, was in 1942.
• At the Casablanca Conference, Roosevelt and
  Churchill agreed set up the bombing of Germany.
  The goal of this new campaign was the
  progressive destruction of the German military,
  industrial, and economic system, and the
  undermining of the German morale. Churchill was
  convinced the Italians would quit the war if
  Allies invaded their homeland.

89

• The US and Britain were dropping approximately
  53,000 pounds of bombs on Germany per month
  (1943-1945). What problems did this cause for
  Germany?
• It caused a severe oil shortage, wrecked the RR
  system, destroyed so many aircraft factories that
  Germanys air force could not replace loses.
• When the Allies landed in France they had total
  control of the air ensuring their troops would
  not be bombed.

90

• The overall command of the invasion of Sicily
  went to General Eisenhower. General Patton and
  British General Montgomery were in charge of
  actual forces on the ground.
• When did this invasion begin?
• Before dawn July 10, 1943
• The DUKW (an amphibious truck) made it possible
  to bring soldiers and supplies on the beaches.

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• Operation Blue Jay used DUKWs for beaching
  operations in Sicily.

93

• Describe what Pattons troops did on Sicily.
• It created a crisis within the Italian
  government.
• Mussolini was arrested and the new Italian govt
  secretly began negotiations with the Allies.
• Did Germany give Italy up?
• No.
• The Germans took up positions near Cassino.

94

• It took the Allies 5 months to break through
  German lines at Cassino and Anzio. The Germans
  retreated in May 1944.
• The Italian campaign cost the Allies 300,000
  causalities.
• Roosevelt met Churchill and Stalin at Tehran,
  Iran and agreed 1. Stalin to launch full
  offensive on Germans when Allies invaded France
  2. Break up Germany 3. Soviets would help defeat
  Japan 4.created an international org. to keep
  peace after the war.

95

• FDR chose General Eisenhower to command Operation
  Overlord for the US.
• Although the Germans fortified the coast of
  France. The Allies had the element of surprise.
• To convince the Germans the Allies would land in
  Pas-de-Calais- the Allies placed inflated rubber
  tanks, empty tents, and dummy landing craft along
  the coast.
• The real target was Normandy

96

• There were 1.5 million American soldiers were
  sent to England to ready for the invasion.
• Paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines.
• The date for invasion was June 6, 1944, known as
  D-Day.
• The beaches were code named
• Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword, and Juno

97

• The Utah Beach landing went great. Americans
  captured the beach in less than three hours.
• General Omar Bradley was in charge of the landing
  at Omaha Beach.
• Nearly 2,500 Americans were wither killed or
  wounded on Omaha.
• The British and the Canadians sent over 75,000
  troops on shore.

98

• Two-pronged attack
• Adm. Nimitz would advance through the Central
  Pacific by island hopping closer and closer to
  Japan.
• Gen. MacArthur would, as promised, launch an
  invasion to retake the Philippines, by going
  through the Solomon Islands, the North Coast of
  New Guinea

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• Over 1,000 Americans were killed at Tarawa. Only
  1 in 3 made it to shore due to the coral reef off
  of the islands where the ships would run aground.
• A Japanese flamethrower was a stream of intense
  fire that instantly charred you.
• The Alligator was a boat with tank tracks. It
  was invented in the 1930s to rescue people in
  Florida swamps.

101

• Amphtrac link for the Alligator
• http//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/LVT/LVT.
  html
• Three island in the Marianas, Saipan, Tinian, and
  Guam were invaded to use as a base for B-29
  bombers.

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104
Nose art from the Saipan Superforts
105

• The Japanese had 100,000 troops holding Rabaul.
  McArthur ordered his troops to surround the
  Japanese base, causing the Japanese to retreat.
• MacArthur ordered his forces to leap 600 miles
  and capture the Japanese base of Hollandia and
  then seize the island of Morotai. This was the
  last stop before the Philippines.

106
Morotai Island memorials to WWII and its
liberation from Japan
107

• The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval
  battle.
• Japanese used Kamikaze attacks. Kamikaze means
  divine wind in Japanese. It refers to the great
  storm that destroyed the Mongol fleet during its
  invasion of Japan in the 13th century. Kamikazes
  would crash their planes into American ships.

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• Less than 1,000 Japanese surrendered. Over 80,000
  Japanese died and 100,000 Filipino civilians.
• American forces did not capture Manila until
  March 1945, and the Japanese that remained were
  still fighting in August 1945 with word that
  Japan had surrendered.

109

• Section 5
• In 1943 the Allies officially declared they would
  punish Nazis for their war crimes.
• FDR believed the Allies had to dedicate their
  resources to breaking out at Normandy, liberating
  France and conquering Germany.
• Hedgerows, thick dirt walls covered in shrubbery
  built to fence in cattle or crop, helped Germany
  defend their position.

110

• 2500 American bombers blue a hole in the German
  lines.
• When allies broke out of Normandy a French
  rebellion occurred in Paris to help.
• The goal of Hitlers last desperate offensive was
  to cut off allied supplies through Antwerp,
  Belgium.
• German defenders pushed American troops west and
  their lines bulged.

111

• Bastgone was important because several roads
  converged which would delay Germanys advance if
  held. Allies ended up surrounded by the Germans.
• Surrender? Nuts!!
• Eisenhower sent Patton to rescue them, By
  slamming into the German lines and hitting fuel
  depots the attack Germans had little left to keep
  the Allies out of Germany.

112

• As the Soviets crossed Germanys eastern border,
  American forces attacked Germanys western
  border. After fighting their way to Rhine River,
  Germany's last line of defense, and the Ludendorf
  Bridge intact, American troops drove German
  troops back.
• Omar Bradley Hot dogthis will bust them wide
  open.
• With the Allies eventually reaching Berlin,
  Hitler new the end of the war was near.

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• So on April 30, 1945 he committed suicide.
• Germany surrendered 7 days later on May 7, 1945.
• May 8th was know as V-E Day for Victory in
  Europe.

114

• http//www.military.com/Content/MoreContent?filef
  orrestal_01
• Vice President Harry Truman took office as
  President when FDR had a stroke and died.

115

• The B-29s trying to bomb Japan had over 1500
  miles to fly from US base to Marianas, but it was
  still too far so the solution was to capture Iwo
  Jima

116

• The Southern tip of Iwo Jima had a dormant
  volcano. There were rocky cliffs, jagged ravines,
  and caves.
• Read Page 768 On Feb 19 virture
• 6800 Marines died at Iwo Jima.
• General Curtis LeMay ordered his men to drop
  napalm bombs on Japan. Napalm was a jellied
  gasoline that exploded and started fires. This
  would also kill civilians, but LeMay felt he had
  no other option.

117

• Over 80,000 people were killed. Some from the
  direct hit and fire but also from asphyxiation.
  The fire sucked out the oxygen in the air. Fires
  need oxygen.
• Read page 769, Invasion of Okinawa
• In 1939 Leo Szilard learned that German Scientist
  had split the uranium atom. He suggested before
  that by doing this the atoms might release
  enormous energy. He convinced Albert Einstein to
  sign a letter to the FDR warning that by using
  uranium,

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• extremely powerful bombs of a new type maybe
  constructed.
• FDR had set up a committee to study this.
• The Manhattan Project was born and on July 16,
  1945 the first atomic bomb was detonated in New
  Mexico.
• Truman new massive casualties would follow the
  use of the atom bomb, but believed it was his
  duty as President to use every weapon available
  to save American lives.

119

• On August 6, 1945 a B-29 named the Enola Gay
  dropped an atom bomb, code-named, Little Boy on
  Hiroshima. Between 80,000 and 120,000 died
  instantly, and thousands died later from
  radiation. A second bomb code-named Fat Man
  was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 35,000-74,000
  people.
• Japan surrendered August 15, 1945.
• V-J Day. This was great news for soldiers.
• The war was finally over.

120
Enola GayBoeing's B-29 Superfortress was the most
sophisticated, propeller-driven, bomber to fly
during World War II, and the first bomber to
house its crew in pressurized compartments.
Boeing installed very advanced armament,
propulsion, and avionics systems into the
Superfortress. During the war in the Pacific
Theater, the B-29 delivered the first nuclear
weapons used in combat. On August 6, 1945,
Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., in command of the
Superfortress "Enola Gay," dropped an atomic bomb
on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, Major
Charles W. Sweeney piloted another B-29 named
"Bockscar" and dropped a second atomic bomb on
Nagasaki, Japan. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese
accepted Allied terms for unconditional
surrender.
121

• Explain how the UN is organized and what it does.
• The UN has a General Assembly of all nations in
  the world and each one has one vote.
• The Security Council has 11 members with 5
  permanent ones. US, Britain, France, China, and
  Soviet Union. (They each have veto power). The
  Security Council is responsible for international
  peace.

122
"Membership in the United Nations is open to all
other peace-loving states which accept the
obligations contained in the present Charter and,
in the judgment of the Organization, are able and
willing to carry out these obligations.The
admission of any such state to membership in the
United Nations will be effected by a decision of
the General Assembly upon the recommendation of
the Security Council." Article 4, Chapter 2,
United Nations Charter
123

• The (IMT) International Military Tribunal was set
  up by the US, Britain, France, and Soviet Union.
• The IMT tried German leaders for war crimes at
  the Nuremberg trials.
• 22 Germans were tried
• 3 acquitted, 7 imprisoned, 12-hung.
• Later 24 more were executed and 107 sentenced to
  prison.

124

• 25 Japanese leaders were charged with war crimes.
• 18- imprisoned
• 7- sentenced to die
• The Emperor however was not indicted

125

• Impact of WWII today
• UN (United Nations) was founded
• Nuclear weapons were invented
• US became the most powerful nation in the world.