Hugo Gallagher

1
Building Services Engineering Design 2 Module
BNEE483

• Hugo Gallagher
• Room M709
• h.gallagher_at_gcal.ac.uk
• hugo_at_logis-tech.co.uk
• Tel [phone]
• Lecture 1

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Building Services Eng. Design 2 -Syllabus

• Electrical Distribution Tariff Schemes
• Lifts Escalators
• Emergency Lighting
• Fire Alarm Systems

3
BNEE483 (Exam Coursework)

• 8 x 20 mark questions
• 2 questions (20 marks) from 8 set by Hugo
  Gallagher
• Attempt 5 from 8 questions
• Coursework No 2 discussion paper

4
Power System in the UK (pre-1990)

• After world war II, UK had 560 interconnected
  electricity suppliers, of which approx. 1/3 were
  privately owned.
• Full nationalisation occurred in the wake of the
  electricity act 1947, which established the CEA
  as a public corporation responsible for the
  generation and supply of bulk electricity
• 14 Area Boards created, each constituted as a
  separate public corporation responsible for the
  distribution of electricity in its own region.

5
Following Electricity Act 1947

• Organisation of the industry became highly
  centralised with the CEA being given general
  control over the area boards as regard policy and
  finance.
• Electricity reorganisation (Scotland) Act 1954
  reduced vertically integrated in the generation,
  transmission, distribution and supply of
  electricity.

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Electricity Act 1957

• Structure was further revised by the electricity
  Act 1957 which separated the functions of
  generating and supplying bulk electricity from
  the functions of co-ordinating and controlling
  the system as a whole.
• CEGB was established to handle the former tasks,
  in particular the ownership and operation of the
  national grid.

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Twelve Area Boards

• 12 Area Boards given greater power by the 1957
  act, w.r.t. financial matters and continued to
  have responsibilities for the distrib. of
  electricity in their respective areas.
• These boards took HV electricity from the grid
  and sold it to domestic, commercial and
  industrial consumers in their area, on the basis
  of published tariffs.
• Some very large consumers had agreements or
  contracts with the Area Boards or directly with
  the CEGB.

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Electricity Council (EC)

• 1957 Act also established EC, as a replacement
  for the CEA, to exercise a co-ordinating role on
  matters of industry wide concern.
• Council had certain specific responsibilities
  including offering advice to the Government on
  behalf of the industry as a whole.
• Authority for regulation of the industry lay with
  dept. of Energy.
• 1957 Act did not affect the organisation of the
  industry in Scotland.
• In Scotland, generation, distribution and supply
  of electricity continued to be the responsibility
  of two independent regional boards the SSEB and
  NSHEB, between them serving the whole of Scotland
  and part of Northumbria.

9
England and Wales Industry

• Feb 1988, Secretary of State for Energy published
  a White Paper, outlining the government's plans
  for the restructuring and subsequent
  privatisation of the electricity supply industry
  in the UK.
• White Paper proposed CEGB should be divided into
  3 parts
• National Grid Company (NGC).
• NGC would be jointly owned by the 12 regional
  electricity companies (RECs), each holding a
  stake proportionate to its size.
• NGC would also take control of the
  interconnectors
• Remaining power stations would be split National
  Power, which would take 70 of the generating
  capacity
• PowerGen, which would take the remaining 30.
• There would be competition in power generation
  between those two companies and existing
  alternative sources

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Nuclear Generation

• Each regional electricity company would be
  required to obtain a proportion of its power
  supplies from non-fossil fuel sources (mainly
  nuclear).
• A fossil fuel levy was subsequently introduced to
  compensate companies for the additional costs of
  such power.
• The levy is charged at a fixed on the value of
  sales of electricity generated either by a fossil
  fuelled power station or by a non-fossil fuelled
  power station.
• For 1990/91 the levy was set by the Secretary of
  State at 10.6.
• This was subsequently increased to 11 from April
  1991, but was reduced to 10 with effect from
  April 1993.

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July 1989

• The government announced in July 1989 that the
  Magnox nuclear power stations (the first
  generators of reactors) would be withdrawn from
  the sale on the grounds that they wereing to the
  end of their lives, and it would not be
  appropriate to burden the private sector with
  the significant costs of their operation and
  closure.
• This U-turn - due to pressure from large
  investors and the stock market.
• Nov. 1989, government decided that the remaining
  nuclear power stations should stay in public
  ownership on the grounds that unacceptable
  financial guarantees were being sought by the
  markets.
• Nuclear Electric Plc (floated in 1995) was
  established for this purpose.

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Monopoly of Regional Companies

• Monopoly in power supply of the 12 RECs was to be
  curtailed large customers would be able to enter
  into direct contracts with the generators, with
  the new entrants into the generation market or
  with regional electricity companies other than
  their local company.
• Customer interests were to be protected by
  regulation.
• Electricity Council was abolished.
• Responsibilities for regulation lay with the
  Secretary of State for Industry

13
Electricity Act Royal assent

• Subsequent legislation, the Electricity Act,
  received Royal Assent in July 1989.
• After a period of preparation and negotiation,
  the new industry structure was introduced on
  March 1990.
• The 12 RECs were privatised in December 1990,
  followed by the sale of 60 of the shares in
  National Power and PowerGen in March 1991.
• Government offered its 2nd offer of shares in
  both companies in Feb 1995.

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The Scottish Industry

• Scottish electricity supply industry
  privatisation was set out in a White Paper issued
  by the Secretary of State in March 1988.
• SSEB and NSHEB be privatised as two separate
  companies, each having a mix of generating
  capacity and access to the capacity of the
  nuclear generating stations, then owned by the
  SSEB, which were to be transferred to a company
  jointly owned by these companies.
• Nov 1989, secretary of state announced that this
  jointly owned company (Scottish Nuclear) would
  remain in public ownership and would supply
  electricity to SP Plc and HE Plc.

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Under the Nuclear Energy Agreement

• Scottish Nuclear is required to supply all the
  electricity generated from its Hunterston B and
  Torness Nuclear generating stations to Scottish
  Power (SP) and Hydro Electric (HE) and imposes an
  obligation on SP and HE to take and except in
  limited circumstances, pay for 74.9 and 25.1
  respectively of all the electricity declared
  available by Scottish Nuclear.
• There is no fossil levy in Scotland as, being
  vertically integrated, SP and HE are able to pass
  on directly to their customers the additional
  costs associated with nuclear generation.

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The White Paper

• SP and HE have the monopoly of transmission and
  distribution of electricity within its own area.
  
• They would also have the monopoly of the supply
  of electricity within this area, except that they
  would have to compete with each other and with
  other generators for the supply of electricity to
  large commercial customers in Scotland.
• They would would be able to export and import
  electricity to and from England and Wales where
  they would be in competition with other
  generators and suppliers.
• Sale to the private sector of all the shares in
  SP and Hydro Electric was completed in June 1991.

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Competition in Generation

• With privatisation, its aim was to promote
  competition where ever possible in the belief
  that competition was the best guarantee of
  customers interests.
• In the short term such competition had to come
  from existing generators with existing capacity.
  
• In the first year National Power and PowerGen
  accounted for 74 of the electricity sold through
  the pool.
• Nuclear Electric and other generators, primarily
  SP and HE accounted for the remaining 26.

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Competition in Generation

• Dec 1992 Nuclear Electric, SP and HE and other
  generators had expanded their share to nearly
  30.
• In the longer term, it is possible for rivals to
  build more capacity.
• SP and HE have carried out work which has doubled
  the capacity of their interconnector.
• New entrants building power stations will
  contribute more to electricity generation.
• There are currently seven independent stations in
  operation with a total capacity of 3268MW.
• Impact on competition of these stations will be
  increased by National Power and PowerGens
  substantial closure programme of older less
  efficient stations.

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Tariff

• The electricity boards adopt a tariff structure
  which enables them to recover their costs.
• The costs consist of two parts, e.g. fixed cost
  and running cost,
• the tariff is also known as two- part tariff.

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Fixed cost

• Fixed cost include capital investment, which can
  be considered on a annual basis as depreciation
  and interest charges, labour, insurance, taxes
  and other irrespective of load
• Since a tariff is charged at periodic intervals,
  typically on a per annum basis for large users,
  the fixed costs are similarily apportioned
• A (per kVA) x M.D. (kVA)
• A is the full cost, M.D. represents the maximum
  demand.
• This part of the tariff is in terms of /KVA in
  order to encourage the consumers to operate at a
  power factor.
• The cost per kVA is usually higher at lower
  voltages.

21
Running cost

• These mainly relate to fuel costs and are in
  terms of p/k Wh.
• It includes the cost of fuel, water, control of
  losses, purchase and sale of power.
• Hence the total running costs p.a. are given by
• B (per k Wh) x M.D. (kVA) x P.F. x L x Hours
  p.a.
• B is unit cost, M.D. represents the maximum
  demand, l is the load factor and P.F. is the
  power factor.

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Maximum Demand

• This is the maximum load on a system during any
  specified period (half-hour period).
• Since electrical energy can not be stored on a
  significant scale it is also, by definition the
  maximum output of the system during that period.