Binding

1
Binding
2
Binding
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Xi
Y
Z
3
Binding
IP he, him, John, NPi I'
himself I VP NP V'
V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Xi
Y
Z
4
Binding
IP he, him, John, NPi I'
himself I VP NP V'
V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Xi
Y
Z
5
Binding
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
himselfj
6
Binding
an anaphor must have an antecedent within the
sentence
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
himselfk
7
Binding
a pronoun does not need an antecedent within the
sentence
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
himk
8
Binding
a pronoun does not want an antecedent very close
by
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
himj
9
Binding
an R-expression does not need an antecedent
within the sentence
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
Johnk
10
Binding
an R-expression does not want an antecedent very
close by
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
Johnj
11
Binding
it does not matter if the antecedent is an
R-expression or a pronoun
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
himj
Johnj
12
Binding
it does not matter if the antecedent is an
R-expression or a pronoun
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
himj
himj
13
Binding
a pronoun can antecede an anaphor
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
himj
himselfj
14
Binding
but it must itself not be anteceded by the
subject of the matrix
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
himi
h.selfi
15
Binding
to get all three arguments to be coindexed, we
need himself
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
h.selfi
h.selfi
16
Binding
we cannot replace the lower anaphor with a pronoun
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
h.selfi
himi
17
Binding
nor can we save this by replacing himself with
co-indexed him
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
himi
himi
18
Binding
a counterindexed pronoun is okay in this
position, though
and then we can still coindex the lower pronoun
with the matrix subject
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
himk
himi
19
Binding
this pronoun must, as before, be free in its
local environ-ment
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
h.selfi
himi
20
Binding
here it is indeed free it is not coindexed with
himself
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
h.selfi
himj
21
Binding
a pronoun in the ECM-subject position must also
be locally free
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
himi
himj
22
Binding
an R-expression does not want an antecedent very
close by
IP NPi I' I
VP NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
Johnj
23
Binding
nor does it want a more distant antecedent
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
Billk
Johni
24
Binding
it does not matter what the nature of the
antecedent is
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
hei
Billk
Johni
25
Binding
it does not matter what the nature of the
antecedent is
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Billk
Johni
Jns dadi
26
Binding
but its okay if we coindex John with a subpart
of the subject
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Billk
Johnn
Jns dadi
27
Binding
in that case, the antecedent of John can even be
within the local VP
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Billi
Johnn
Jns dad
28
Binding
pronouns are also happy with a local
non-c-commanding antecedent
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Billi
himn
Jns dad
29
Binding
but anaphors are not happy under these conditions
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Billi
h.selfn
Jns dad
30
Binding
the R-expression itself must still remain free
from c-commanders
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Johni
N
Jis dad
31
Binding
the R-expression itself must still remain free
from c-commanders
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
hei
N
Jis dad
32
Binding

• coindexation with a
• c-commanding
• antecedent

33
Binding
coindexation with a c-commanding antecedent in
conformity with the locality conditions
34
Binding
Principle A An anaphor is bound in its local
domain
35
Binding
Principle A An anaphor is bound in its local
domain Principle B A pronoun is free in its
local domain
36
Binding
Principle A An anaphor is bound in its local
domain Principle B A pronoun is free in its
local domain Principle C An R-expression is free
37
Binding
the local domain of a ??? (a the bindee)
38
Binding
the local domain of a version 1 the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a
39
Binding
the local domain of a version 1 the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a IP Johni I' PAST
VP ti V' hit himselfi
40
Binding
the local domain of a version 1 the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a IP Johni I' PAST
VP ti V' hit himselfi IP Johni I' PAST
VP ti V' hit himi
41
Binding
the local domain of a version 1 the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a IP Johni I' PAST
VP ti V' hit himselfi IP Johni I' PAST
VP ti V' hit himi BUT we dont need go to
all the way up to the clause to derive these
facts!
42
Binding
the local domain of a version 1 the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a IP Johni I' PAST
VP ti V' hit himselfi IP Johni I' PAST
VP ti V' hit himi we can derive the
contrast at the VP-level thanks to the presence
of ti
43
Binding
the local domain of a version 1 the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a minimal IP is too
large in ECM-contexts IP Johni saw VP Billk
hit himselfi IP Johni saw VP Billk hit himi
44
Binding

• the local domain of a version 1
• the minimal clause (IP) that contains a
• but sometimes minimal IP is too small
• Johni considers IP himselfi to be smart
• Johni considers IP himi to be smart

45
Binding
the local domain of a version 2a the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a and the governor of a
46
Binding
the local domain of a version 2a the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a and the governor of
a (since the local domain, on this
definition, contains the bindees governor, it is
called the governing category)
47
Binding

• the local domain of a version 2a
• the minimal clause (IP) that contains a and
• the governor of a
• IP Johni considers IP himselfi to be smart
• IP Johni considers IP himi to be smart

48
Binding
the local domain of a version 2a the minimal
clause (IP) that contains a and the governor of
a but this still fails to get the small clause
case IP Johni saw VP Billk hit himselfi IP
Johni saw VP Billk hit himi
49
Binding
the local domain of a version 2b the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a
50
Binding
the local domain of a version 2b the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a
this now gets us the small clause case IP Johni
saw VP Billk hit himselfi IP Johni saw VP
Billk hit himi
51
Binding

• the local domain of a version 2b
• the minimal XP that contains a and
• the governor of a
• Johni VP ti considers IP himselfi to be smart
• Johni VP ti considers IP himi to be smart

52
Binding
the local domain of a version 2b the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a but
this still fails empirically, elsewhere
53
Binding
the local domain of a version 2b the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a Johni
heard NP Billks joke PP about h.selfi Johni
heard NP Billks joke PP about himi
54
Binding
the local domain of a version 2b the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a Johni
heard NP Billks joke PP about h.selfi Johni
heard NP Billks joke PP about himi Johni
heard NP Billks joke PP about h.selfk Johni
heard NP Billks joke PP about himk
55
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject
56
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject NB the possessor of a noun phrase
is the subject of the noun phrase (cf. John joked
about Bush and Johns jokes about Bush)
57
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject Johni heard NP Billks joke PP about
h.selfi Johni heard NP Billks joke PP about
himi Johni heard NP Billks joke PP about
h.selfk Johni heard NP Billks joke PP about
himk
58
Binding
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST
ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
himselfj
59
Binding
IP NPi I' governing category
I VP for himself
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Xi
Johnj
himselfj
60
Binding
IP NPi I' governing category
I VP for him NP V'
V VP NP V' V N
P PAST ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
himj
61
Binding
IP NPi I' governing category
I VP for him NP V'
V VP NP V' V N
P PAST ti see hit
Xi
Johnj
himk
62
Binding
IP NPi I' governing category
I VP for himself
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
Xi
Johnj
himselfk
63
Binding
IP NPi I' governing category I
VP for himself-1 NP V'
V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
1
2
Johni
h.selfi
h.selfi
64
Binding
IP governing category NPi I' for
himself-2 I VP NP V'
V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
1
2
Johni
h.selfi
h.selfi
65
Binding
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
2 y ? i
1 x ? y
1
2
Johni
himy
himx
66
Binding
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NP V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
2 y ? i, but k is OK
1 x ? y
1
2
himy
himx
Jks dad
67
Binding
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NPy V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
x ? y, but k is OK
Billi
himx
Jks dad
68
Binding
IP NPi I' I VP
NP V' V VP
NPy V' V NP PAST ti
see hit
x y, x ? k
Billi
h.selfx
Jks dad
69
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject
70
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject good results so far but theres
still trouble up ahead
71
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject Johni thinks that himselfi is
smart Johni thinks that hei is smart
72
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject Johni thinks that himselfi is
smart Johni thinks that hei is smart this is
correctly ensured by version 3
73
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject Johni thinks that pix of himselfi are
hideous Johni thinks that pix of himi are
hideous
74
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject Johni thinks that pix of himselfi are
hideous Johni thinks that pix of himi are
hideous this is not predicted by version 3
75
Binding
the local domain of a version 3 the minimal
XP that contains a and the governor of a and a
subject Johni thinks that pix of himselfi are
hideous Johni thinks that pix of himi are
hideous this is not predicted by version 3 LACK
OF COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION!
76
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to a
77
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a where SUBJECT e subject, AGR
78
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a where SUBJECT e subject, AGR,
and accessible means that coindexation of
SUBJECT and a violates no principles
79
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a Johni thinks that pix of himselfi are hideous
80
i-within-i filter a ßi i
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a Johni thinks that pix of himselfii are
hideous
81
no Spec-Head Agreement between I and SpecIP
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a AGRi Johni thinks that pix of
himselfi arei hideous
82
Spec-Head Agreement is now okay
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a AGRi Johni thinks that pix of
himselfii arei hideous
83
but now we violate i-within-i filter again!
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a AGRi Johni thinks that pix of
himselfii arei hideous
84
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a Johni ti thinks that pix of himselfi are
85
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 1 the local
domain is the minimal XP that contains a and the
governor of a and a SUBJECT accessible to
a Johni ti thinks that pix of himi are
86
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable
87
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable CFC Complete Functional
Complex
88
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable CFC Complete Functional
Complex (for our purposes here NP and clause)
89
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable CFC Complete Functional
Complex BT-satisfaction for aanaphor find
least CFC in which a can be bound
90
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable CFC Complete Functional
Complex BT-satisfaction for apronoun find
least CFC in which a can be free
91
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable Johni thinks that pix of himi
are hideous
92
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable Johni thinks that pix of
himselfi are hideous
93
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable Johni thinks that hei is smart
94
Binding
two different (partial) solutions 2 the local
domain is the minimal CFC that contains a and
the governor of a within which as BT-principle
is satisfiable Johni thinks that himselfi is
smart