Church History 12001500

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Church History 1200-1500

• 08/27/06

• Which scholastic was the father of modern
  liberalism?
• Which two university staff were the first
  reformers?
• Where did the derogatory term dunce come from?
• When does Roman Catholicism begin to look like
  the RC church of today?
• Which monastic founder preached to squirrels?
• How was the road to the reformation paved?

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Scholasticism raise the question How much did
The Fall affect our faculties?

• Not much reason precedes faith, right thinking
  leads to right believing

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How much did The Fall affect our faculties?

• A ton faith precedes reason, right believing
  leads to right thinking
• What about Paul? Rom 119-21 Acts 17, the
  problem is not knowledge,

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Meet a scholastic church hero in dark times

• Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
• Wrote a pre-C.S. Lewis Mere Christianity series
  which he called Monologion and Proslogion
• an effort to lay the foundations of the faith
  without appealing to Scripture
• Worshipful reformed approach
• I do not seek to understand that I may believe,
  but I believe in order to understand. For this
  also I believe,-that unless I believed, I should
  not understand. Anselm, St. Anselm Basic
  Writings p.6-7
• He wrote these books as prayers and musings, not
  as systematic texts
• Mental Chinese Handcuffs proof of Gods existence
  we believe that thou art a being than which
  nothing greater can be conceived

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Anselms contribution to the church

• Cur Deus Homo (1098) Why the God Man?
• Context Origens Ransom (300) Gregorys
  Fishhook (600) view of the atonement dominated
  from 300-1098
• Anselm called these an insult to God and, in good
  scholastic (tangential long-winded) fashion,
  set forth his Satisfaction view of the atonement
• Why satisfaction?
• Significance of Cur Deus Homo?
• It Destroyed the ransom/fishhook theories from
  Roman Catholicism
• It so influenced John Calvin that Calvins ( our
  own) understanding of the atonement as penal
  substitutionary atonement is simply Anselm
  without the feudal imagery.

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Meet Abelard Black Sheep of the Scholastics
(1079-1142)

• Controversial Life
• A polarizing personality
• Gifted teacher who began to teach in Paris put
  the University of Paris on the map
• 21st century ideal teacher
• Took up private tutoring to make ends meet
• Enter Heloise
• Controversial Writings
• Sic et Non Yes and No
• Christian propositions pitted against one another
  to show inconsistencies
• Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans
• Moral influence theory of the atonement

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Meet Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), a
non-scholastic church hero in dark times

• The Uncrowned Emperor of Europe
• Called for the 2nd crusade and got it!
• Known for his personal piety and love for the
  Lord
• Wrote O Sacred Head Now Wounded
• Seen as a spiritual giant by Luther and Calvin
• Attacked the secularization of the church
• Yet another champion of orthodoxy, bringing
  Abelard up on charges of subverting the gospel

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Meet the ultimate scholastic Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274)

• His life from Dumb Ox to Angelic Doctor
• Summa Theologica
• Framework
• (Bible) Trinity, Special Rev, Faith
• (Aristotle) Gen Rev., Reason, God
• 5 Proofs (Unmoved Mover, Uncaused Cause)
• Theology
• Fall hurt our righteousness but not the image
  of God, God adds a gift post-fall that enables us
  to chose the good
• The Cross treasury of merit
• Salvation Christs righteousness is infused
  into use through faith and retained in us through
  faith works
• Sanctification Grace is infused into us through
  faith works (incl. supererogation, and the
  sacraments)

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Roman Catholic Salvation Model
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Significance of Thomas

• The Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas by Traini (1341)

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And yet, scholasticism had its critics

• Christian mysticism (subjective) has always
  resurfaced when formalism (objective) is
  perceived
• Eastern orthodoxy Medieval mysticism
  Charismatic movement John Eldridge
• Medieval mysticism emphasized
• Immediate, un-mediated, communion with and
  experience of God
• Meister Eckhart (1260-1328)
• Language of immersion and loss of the self in
  the pool of the divine verge on pantheism
• True worship is cut from all that formal church
  stuff, its individual,so if it doesnt help you
  worship, ditch it!
• Friends of God (14th cent. Group of monks)
• Theologica Germanica emphasized the individual
  holy life (Luthers favorite!)
• Thomas A Kempis Imitation of Christ (1380-1471)

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The increasing need for reform led to various
movements outside of RC

• Cathari the Pure
• The Marcions have landed! Again!
• Declared heretics by the RC church
• Waldensians
• Founded by Peter Waldo 1176
• Known for
• Apostolic poverty
• Preaching against worldliness of the church
• Sola Scriptura!
• Two-by-two
• Intra-group ordination and Lords Supper
• Appealed to Lateran III for the right to preach
  the gospel as an authorized group
• Disobeyed the mandate to NOT preach, and were
  excommunicated
• Severely persecuted (13th-17th century!)
• Only medieval sect to survive the times,35,000
  Waldensians in Northern Italy today, 2,000 in
  Valdese N. Carolina

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RC Responds to Groups Outside

• Synod of Toulouse 1229
• Local decree carrying international weight
• To nip Cathari Waldenses in the bud, the
  outlawed the source of their heretical
  ideasthe Bible itself
• Papacy forms the Inquisition
• As church and state fused, heretics were traitors
  and vica versa
• 1233 Pope Gregory IX made it an official function
  of the church
• Trials were stacked against the accused
• Torture authorized in 1252
• Consequence
• Intellectual stagnation wide-spread fear
• Cathari eliminated Waldenses went underground

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RC embraces some reform from Within
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By 1300-1517 the need to reform the church was
increasing

• By 1300 a middle class of financiers and power
  brokers emerged
• By 1300 the church had a deserved reputation of
  being too worldly
• By 1300 nationalism was threatening to rend the
  Roman Catholic church into pieces
• By 1300 the claims to Papal power and authority
  had never been greater
• Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
• Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)

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The first voices of reform
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John Wycliffe morning star of the reformation
(1328-1384)

• Professor of theology at Oxford university
• Wrote
• On Civil Lordship (1376)
• an attack on papal corruption arguing from
  Scripture that unfit / unfaithful ministers ought
  to be stripped of their office
• De Ecclesia (1378)
• radical shift in thinking about the church
• Renewed the Biblical distinction between visible
  and invisible church,whats the big deal?
• The first loud voice in 1000 years to assert that
  Christ alone is head of the invisible church
• On the Pastoral Office (1379)
• slammed the papacy for looking at pastoral
  ministry as doling out magical grace in the
  sacraments rather than shepherding people through
  the Word.
• Hinted that the Pope might not be elect, that he
  might be an anti-Christ

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John Wycliffe morning star of the reformation
(1328-1384)

• On the Eucharist (1380)
• Slammed RC understanding of the Lords Supper,
  arguing a dog, a hog, or a mouse cannot eat our
  Lord.
• Scripture is the highest authority for every
  Christian and the standard of faith
• and so he began to translate it into the
  vernacular
• The Lollards reformed EE
• Influence of Wycliffe
• if he had not specifically told his listeners to
  NOT attack Roman Catholic clergy, England would
  have seen riot after riot.
• He had a disciple,

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Wycliffe had a disciple John Huss (c. 1373-1415)

• Rector at University of Prague
• Extremely popular fiery preacher student of
  Wycliffe
• Became a Czech hero by denouncing the RC church
  abuses
• Excommunicated in 1411, but appealed to the
  Council of Constance in 1415
• Council of Constance ruled against Hus
  Wycliffe,denouncing them and their followers as
  heretics
• They then burned Hus at the stake, dug up
  Wycliffes bones and burned them as well
• Rioting broke out in Prague
• John Paul II, 1999, today on the eve of the
  great jubiliee I feel the need to express my deep
  regret over the death of John Hus.
• The people were ready for reform

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The Renaissance furthered the desire for reform

• What was the Renaissance?
• The rebirth of the 14th 16th centuries
• Implicit judgment against the Middle Ages
  Scholasticism (cf. John Scotus)
• Motto was ad fontes homo mensura
• The rebirth varied by geographic location
• Southern Italian wanted to the fountains of
  ancient pagan wisdom, the North thirsted for the
  fountains of Scripture
• New Worldview
• In Art (cult of beauty, man, reality ,no more
  halos)
• In Commerce (shift from farm to city shift from
  economic goods trading to money)
• In Government (Machiavellis Prince)
• In Public/Private life (a wedge is driven between
  religion and work private and public)
• In Universities (death of theology as Queen of
  sciences, rise of humanistic)

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The Renaissance Popes fueled the demand for reform

• The renaissance popes assumed the role of feudal
  lords (patrons of art literature, land owners,
  warriors)
• Nicholas V (1447-1455)
• founded Vatican library, planned St. Peters
  Cathedral, ruthless execution of opposition
• Innocent VIII (1484-92)
• Known for simony sale of indulgences
• Alexander VI (1492-1503)
• Bought the papacy by bribing cardinals, used the
  office to advance his own family, Machiavellis
  fav pope
• Julius II (1513-1521)
• Known for his military campaigns (exchanging his
  hat for a helmet), commissioned Michelangelo for
  the Cistine chapel
• Leo X (1475-1521)
• Approved the sale of indulgences to refurbish St.
  Peters in Rome,enter Johann Tetzel

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Credit where it is due