Pest Management

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Pest Management
Insects Weeds Disease
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Insect Management
Bio-rational pesticides Botanical
Poisons Physical Barriers Biological control
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Biorational pesticide The terms biorational
pesticide and biopesticide Biological and
Rational natural origin that have limited or no
adverse effects on the environment or beneficial
organisms.
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Bio-rational Pesticides
Biochemical Mating disruptors Development
disruptors Microbial Bacteria, fungi, and
their by-products
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Bio-rational Pesticides Mating Disruptor
Insect pheromones are chemical substances that
are given off by insects and cause a specific
reaction upon reception by another insect of the
same species. Sexual attraction pheromones
offer the greatest potential for insect
control. There are four primary uses for sex
pheromones in present insect-control programs
male trapping, movement monitoring, detection and
population monitoring, and male confusion.
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Bio-rational Pesticides Mating Disruptor
Pheromones Pheromones are hormones generally
used in products called mating disrupters.
Totally natural, the hormones themselves are
allowed in organic production.
Example Codling moth control in apples Pherocon
1-CP wing traps use codlemone a pheromone that
fools males.
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Bio-rational Pesticides Development Distruptors
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are chemical
compounds that alter the growth and development
of insects. IGRs disrupt an insect's growth and
development in two basic ways as juvenile
hormones and as chitin synthesis inhibitors.
Juvenile hormones prevent insects from maturing
they force an insect to remain in its juvenile
life stage (immature, caterpillar or grub stage).
http//www.4hydro.com/growroom/azatrol.asp
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Bio-rational Pesticides
Biologicals Biological pesticides contain
disease organisms or toxins derived from
organisms effective in pest control. Among the
better known biologicals Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma
harzianum, Spinosad.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally
occurring spore-forming bacterium that produces
toxins that, after ingestion, cause a rapid gut
paralysis and death of certain insects,
especially caterpillars. Bt is the most widely
used microbial insecticide. Bt has a relatively
short-residual activity is readily degraded by
direct sunlight has slow action, limited-contact
activity. Success with Bt depends on close
monitoring and application when insects are small
or in their most vulnerable life stage.
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Bt varieties
Bt kustaki caterpillars Bt aizawai
caterpillars Bt tenebrionis (also called Bt san
diego) beetle larvae Bt israelensis fly larvae
(including fungus gnats, blackflies, and
mosquitoes)
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Cornell Resource Guide for Organic Insect and
Disease Management
http//www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pp/resourceguide/cmp
/solanaceous.php
Bio-rational Database ATTRA
http//attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biorationals/biora
tionals_main_srch.php
Organic Materials Research Institute
http//www.omri.org/
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Botanicals Botanical pesticides are those
derived from plants. pyrethrum, neem,
sabadilla, rotenone, Botanicals can also affect
other non-target organisms.
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Neem effects on Vegetable pests Beetles
(Coleoptera) Fair to good control has been
obtained against Colorado potato beetle and
Mexican bean beetle. The few published studies on
flea beetles show poor to fair efficacy. Results
have been mostly poor against pepper
weevil. Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) Neem gives
fair control of most caterpillars. Good results
have been obtained against beet armyworm, cabbage
looper, and diamondback moths. Thrips
(Thysanoptera) Efficacy has mostly been poor,
with one fair result against onion thrips.
Aphids (Homoptera) Generally good control,
except fair against green peach aphid. True bugs
(Hemiptera) Promising results against squash
bug. Fair control of stink bugs was obtained in
two trials. Other There is one study showing
fair control of potato leafhopper. Results have
generally been poor against whiteflies, pepper
maggots, and psyllids
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Neem products Derived from the neem tree,
Azadiracta indica. Native to southern Asia and
can grow in most arid sub-tropical and tropical
areas of the world. Called Sarva Roga Nirvani, a
cure of all ailments in Sanskrit, neem has been
used for centuries for medical, cosmetic and
pesticidal purposes. German entomologist noticed
in 1959 that neem trees in the Sudan resisted an
attack of migratory locusts. Neem pesticide
products are usually made by crushing neem tree
seeds, then using water or a solvent such as
alcohol to extract the pesticidal constituents.
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Insecticidal Soaps Fatty acid insecticidal soaps
are synthetic pesticides specifically allowed in
organic production. Insecticidal soaps can be
hard on beneficial predatory mites, are mildly
phytotoxic, and should be used with caution.
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Buy or make your own
16 OZ for 10.00
Home Recipie Against Green Aphids and Mites -
Mix 1 tablespoon of liquid soap and a cup of
vegetable oil. Dilute a teaspoon of this solution
in a cup of water and spray on aphids and mites.
A totally safe and natural product proven to
solve insect problems. It will control a variety
of insects including aphids, mealy bugs, spider
mites, soft brown scale, psyllids, rose or pear
slugs (sawfly larvae) and earwigs. Safer's
Insecticidal Soap can be used on houseplants,
roses, flowers, vegetables, fruits, ornamentals,
shrubs, trees or greenhouse plantings.
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Research Opportunities!
Speaking of Home Recipies!
Garlic Many cultures around the world have used
garlic as a natural antibiotic and antifungal
remedy. When garlic is combined with mineral oil
and soap, it becomes a very effective pest
control product. However, when it is sprayed, it
is not a selective insecticide. It can be used to
control cabbageworm, leafhoppers, squash bugs,
whitefly, but will also affect beneficial insects
so be careful where and when you apply this
product. Recipe Allow 3 ounces of finely
chopped garlic to soak in 2 teaspoons of mineral
oil for 24 hours. Add 1 pint of water and ¼ ounce
of liquid dish soap. Stir well and strain into a
glass jar for storage. This is your concentrate.
To use Combine 1-2 tablespoons of concentrate
in 1 pint of water to make the spray. Do be
careful not to make the solution too strong.
While garlic is safe for humans, when combined
with oil soap, the mixture can cause leaf
injury on sensitive plants. Always test the lower
leaves of plants first to make sure they aren't
affected.
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Physical Barriers
Spray Oils Vegetable- or animal-derived oils
suffocate small the pest Spray oils are commonly
used to control scale, mites, aphids
DescriptionAn easy-to-use spray (concentrate or
ready to use) that controls scale insects,
mealybugs, apple aphids, European red spider
mites, leafminers and many more How it
worksSmothers the insects. General usageUse
year-round on fruit trees (pears, cherries,
peaches), shade trees, evergreens, ornamentals,
flowers (roses), vegetables (asparagus, corn,
peppers), and house plants.
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Physical Barriers
Sticky Balls for apples
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Floating row cover is a fabric made of spun
polypropelene fibers. The fabric itself is very
lightweight and will sit on top of your plants
without causing any damage. The fabric allows
both light and water to penetrate it but prevents
even the smallest insects like flea beetles from
getting to your plants. The fabric is sold at
most garden centers under many names like Reemay,
Agrofabric and Agribon.
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Bio-rational Pesticides
Bags
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Biological Control
"When we kill off the natural enemies of a pest,
We inherit their work!
Carl Huffaker
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Biological Control Defined

• The use of parasitoid, predator, pathogen,
  antagonist, or competitor population to suppress
  a pest population making it less abundant than it
  would be in the absence of the biocontrol agent.

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Bio-Control Three flavors
Conventional Biocontrol Go to the home of the
pest and find something that kills it.
Augmentation Biocontrol Add more of the good
guys.
Conservation Bio-control Build a friendly
environment and the good guys will come.
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Examples
Stink Bug Minute Pirate Bug Lacewings Lady Bird
Beetles Syrphid Flies Spiders Ground
Beetles Trichogramma Micro-Wasps Tachinid
Flies Big-Eyed Bugs
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Two-spotted stinkbug Adults and nymphs of the
twospotted stinkbug, feed on Colorado potato
beetle adults and larvae. Adults are 10 to 12 mm
long and mature nymphs are 8 to 9 mm
long. Nymphs consume 285 Colorado potato beetle
eggs, 3.7 larvae, and 5.1 adults during their
development. Adults may eat up to 85 Colorado
potato beetles.
Stink Bug
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Lady beetles or ladybird beetles Feed on a
range of insects, including aphids, scale
insects, mealybugs, and white flies spider mites
and insect eggs are occasionally eaten as well.
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Lacewings, antlions larvae that mostly
predaceous or parasitic and adultt are usually
predaceous.
Adults require high-energy foods such as
honeydew. Larvae prey on aphids and other small
insects. Some adults are also
predaceous. Eggs may be
purchased from commercial insectaries. These
common insects feed in fields, orchards, and
gardens.
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Syriphid Fly Hover flies yellow and black
striped bodies resembling bees or wasps. Adults
often hover near flowers. Aphid-predatory larvae
are pale green to yellow maggots that look like
slugs. There is one generation every 2 to 4
weeks. Adults feed primarily on nectar and
pollen. Larvae prey on aphids, scales, and other
insects. Aphid predators consume up to 400 aphids
as larvae.
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Parasatoid Wasps
Parasitoids are some of the most effective
natural enemies of pests. Because parasitoids
have shorter life cycles than many predators,
populations increase quickly to invade host
species populations.
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Provide Environment for Beneficial
Insects Protection Nectar Pollen
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Plant families

• Plant members of the following families to
  attract beneficials
• Aster familycosmos, marigolds, asters,
  goldenrod, painted daisy, sweet alyssum, zinnias,
  tansy
• Mint familybee balm, catnip, lavender, mint
• Carrot familydill, fennel, lovage, parsley,
  angelica, queen annes lace

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Dill
Tansy
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Plant Combinations
Lots of talk ---little science
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Repel pests

• Using plants that produce a strong odor can mask
  the scent of a plant
• The onion family repels carrot rust flies,
• Colorado potato beetles, and aphids
• Parsley deters carrot flies
• Tomatoes repel asparagus beetles
• Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) kill nematodes in the
  soil

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• Tagetes patula roots secrete the chemical
  thiopene that kills nematodes in the soil.

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Lure Pests to Alternate Plants

• Trap insects by providing a decoy plant to lure
  insect away from their preferred host plant and
  then destroy the decoy
• Eggplants lure Colorado potato beetles
• Radishes lure flea beetles and cabbage maggots
• Nasturtiums attract aphids
• Old-fashioned four oclocks (Mirabilis spp.)
  attract and poison Japanese beetles

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• Nasturtiums attract aphids!