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CHAPTERS 1

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... measurements are made with (analog or digital type) ammeters ... switches. SPST. SPDT. Make before break. SPDT. examples. Exercises 2-9.1 and 2-9.2. p. 40 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CHAPTERS 1


1
CHAPTERS 1 2
  • NETWORKS 1 ECE 09.201.01
  • 6 SEPTEMBER 2005 Lecture 2
  • ROWAN UNIVERSITY
  • College of Engineering
  • Dr Peter Mark Jansson, PP PE
  • DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL COMPUTER ENGINEERING
  • Autumn Semester 2006 - Quarter One

2
Networks I
  • Todays Learning Objectives
  • Apply circuit parameters (v, i, r, p, etc.)
  • Analyze DC circuits with passive elements
    including resistance
  • Define analysis w.r.t. circuits
  • Define active and passive circuit elements
  • Apply Ohms law (vRi, Iv/r, pi2r, etc.)
  • Analyze DC circuits with passive elements
    including resistance
  • Analyze independent and dependent electrical
    sources

3
chapter 1 key topics
  • history of electricity - done
  • electric circuits and current flow - done
  • systems of units - done
  • voltage - done
  • power and energy done
  • voltmeters and ammeters done
  • circuit analysis and design in progress

4
voltmeters and ammeters
  • dc current and voltage measurements are made
    with (analog or digital type) ammeters and
    voltmeters
  • voltage measurements are made with red probe ()
    at point a, and black probe (-) at point b

5
voltmeters and ammeters
  • current measurements require breaking into the
    circuit so the ammeter is in series with the
    current flow
  • made with red probe () at point b, and black
    probe (-) at point c

6
ideal meters
  • ammeters negligible voltage drop through it
  • voltmeters negligible current flows into it

7
Learning Check 1
  • Which can you measure without breaking the
    circuit open
  • A) Voltage across an element
  • B) Current through an element

8
circuit analysis and design
  • analysis concerned with the methodological
    study of a circuit to determine direction and
    magnitude of one or more circuit variables (V, A)
  • problem statement
  • situation and assumptions
  • goal and requirements
  • plan ? act ? verify ? if correct, solved
  • if not, plan ? act ? verify ? iterate as needed

9
chapter 2 key topics
  • engineering and linear models
  • active and passive circuit elements
  • resistors Ohms Law
  • independent sources
  • dependent sources
  • transducers
  • switches

10
Review a few Admin Items
  • Website visit
  • Lab Homework Assignment
  • Tool Kit required by week 4 lab
  • Screwdrivers (Phillips and Flathead)
  • Wire Cutters, Tweezers, Crimping Tool
  • Needle nose pliers
  • Digital Multi-meter
  • Tool Box
  • Stop by my office this week for a picture

11
models
  • A model is an object or pattern of objects or an
    equation that represents an element or circuit.
  • Some examples of models
  • model airplane
  • person wearing designer clothes
  • V I R

12
circuit models
  • in our work in Networks I we will construct
    models of elements that will be interconnected to
    form models of DC circuits. (while these will
    illuminate our understanding of the real thing,
    they are not the real thing)

13
circuit analysis
  • the purpose of making circuit models is so we
    can perform mathematical and theoretical analyses
    prior to making the real thing. the goal of
    circuit analysis is to predict the quantitative
    electrical behavior (voltage current) of
    physical systems so we can explain the overall
    operation of the circuit.

14
LINEARITY implies
  • SUPERPOSITION
  • In a single element
  • if the application of
  • i1 yields v1 and i2 yields v2 then
  • i1 i2 will yield v1 v2
  • HOMOGENEITY
  • In a single element
  • if i1 is multiplied by k (a constant) then
  • the application of ki1 will yield kv1

15
example
  • Determine why the following elements demonstrate
    a linear response, or why they do not
  • Element 1
  • v 3i
  • Element 2
  • v 5i 2
  • 2 volunteers to go to the white board

16
linearity is key to networks I
  • we will only consider linear models of circuits
    in this course
  • any device or element that does not satisfy both
    the principles of superposition and homogeneity
    is considered non-linear

17
Learning Check 2
  • Determine if the following element demonstrates a
    linear response, or why it does not
  • Element A
  • i 60v

18
active passive elements
  • A passive element absorbs energy.
  • What does it do with the energy?
  • Would the power through this element be or - ?
  • Learning Check 3
  • Give an example of a passive element.
  • An active element is capable of supplying energy.
  • Where does it get the energy?
  • Is the power or - ?
  • Learning Check 4
  • Give an example of an active element.

19
resistance
  • Property of an element or device that impedes the
    flow of current.
  • And we have Ohms Law
  • Which came first?

20
resistors
  • A few things we need to know
  • R 1/G (G is called conductance)
  • If a resistor heats up, its resistance changes.
  • The power absorbed by a resistor can be
    represented (modeled) two ways
  • p vi v(v/R) v2/R or v2G
  • p vi iRi i2R or i2/G
  • The energy delivered to a resistor is

21
open short circuits
  • Open - a break in the circuit where no current
    flows.
  • Short - a connector between two elements with no
    voltage drop.

open
v(t) 0 i(t) ? 0 (if there is a source in the
circuit)
i(t) 0 v(t) ? 0 (if there is a source in the
circuit)
short
22
sources
  • A thing that can supply energy.
  • The energy can come in the form of
  • current
  • voltage
  • power?
  • There are two types of sources
  • Independent - constant no matter what you hook it
    to.
  • Dependent - the value is tied to some other point
    in the circuit.

23
ideal independent sources
  • Ideal independent sources maintain their assigned
    value indefinitely.

An ideal voltage source will maintain its voltage
value and sustain ANY value of current.
An ideal current source will maintain its current
value and sustain ANY value of voltage.
24
sources / series connections
  • series elements connected in series have the
    same current running through them

i
25
sources / parallel connections
  • parallel elements connected in parallel have
    the same voltage

26
Sample problems
  • 2-4.2
  • 2-4.7 Learning Check 5
  • 2-5.1
  • 2-5.2

27
ideal dependent sources
  • Voltage and current sources can be controlled by
    either a voltage or a current somewhere else in
    the circuit.

voltage sources
current sources
vd r ic or vd b vc
id g vc or id d ic


r, b, g and d are the gains of these sources
28
the key dependent sources
  • CCVS current-controlled voltage source
  • VCVS voltage-controlled voltage source
  • VCCS voltage-controlled current source
  • CCCS current-controlled current source

29
example
  • CCCS exercise 2.7-1, p. 37

30
a very important example
c
c
b
ic
ic
vbe
ic gmvbe
b
rp
vbe
e
e
31
transducers
  • devices that convert physical quantities into
    electrical quantities
  • pressure
  • temperature (iTk)
  • position potentiometer
  • Example 2-8.2, p. 39

32
switches
Make before break SPDT
SPST
SPDT
33
examples
  • Exercises 2-9.1 and 2-9.2
  • p. 40

34
ch. 1 2 important concepts
  • Circuits current voltage power
  • Passive sign convention
  • Active and Passive elements
  • Linearity - superposition homogeneity
  • Resistors and Ohms Law
  • Sources - Ideal, independent and dependent
  • Opens and Shorts
  • Switches

35
chapter 3 - overview
  • electric circuit applications
  • define node, closed path, loop
  • Kirchoffs Current Law
  • Kirchoffs Voltage Law
  • a voltage divider circuit
  • parallel resistors and current division
  • series V-sources / parallel I-sources
  • resistive circuit analysis

36
electric circuit applications
  • electric telegraph
  • transatlantic cable
  • engineers vs. scientists
  • those who can do, those who cant teach?

37
resistive circuits
  • we are ready to make working circuits with
    resistive elements and both independent and
    dependent sources.
  • words we know short, open, resistor
  • new words
  • node
  • closed path
  • loop

38
more definitions
  • node a junction where two or more are connected
  • closed path a traversal through a series of
    nodes ending at the starting node
  • loop

39
an illustration
R1
NODE

V
R2

ARE THESE TWO NODES OR ONE NODE?
40
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
  • 1824-1887
  • two profound scientific laws published in 1847
  • how old was he?

41
Kirchhoffs laws
  • Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
  • The algebraic sum of the currents into a node at
    any instant is zero.
  • Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
  • The algebraic sum of the voltages around any
    closed path in a circuit is zero for all time.

42
KCL
Assume passive sign convention
43

Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
Node 1 I - i1 0 Node 2 i1 - i2 - i3
0 Node 3 i2 i3 - I 0 i2 v2/R2 i3
v3/R3
Use KCL and Ohms Law
44

Node 1
Node 2
v2
v3
Node 3
Node 1 I - i1 0 Node 2 i1 - i2 - i3
0 Node 3 i2 i3 - I 0 i2 v2/R2 i3
v3/R3
Use KCL and Ohms Law CURRENT DIVIDER
45
Learning check 6
  • what is relationship between v2 and v3 in
    previous example?
  • lt, gt,

46
KVL
i V/(R1 R2) vR1 iR1 VR1 /(R1 R2) vR2
iR2 VR2/(R1 R2)
47
SERIES RESISTORS
NOTE
i V/(R1 R2) vR1 iR1 VR1 /(R1 R2) vR2
iR2 VR2/(R1 R2) VOLTAGE DIVIDER
48
SERIES RESISTORS
  • resistors attached in a string can be added
    together to get an equivalent resistance.

49
Learning check 7
  • what is value of Req in previous example when
    the three resistors are replaced with the
    following 4 new resistor values?
  • 1 k?, 100?, 10?, and 1?

50
PARALLEL RESISTORS
  • resistors attached in parallel can be simplified
    by adding their conductances (G) together to get
    an equivalent resistance (R1/G).

Geq Gr1 Gr2 etc.. When you only have
two Req (R1R2)/(R1R2)
51
Learning checks 8 9
  • 8. what is value of Req in previous example?
  • 9. what is the new value of Req when the two
    parallel resistors are replaced 2 new resistor
    values shown below?
  • 10? and 40?

52
series voltage sources
  • when connected in series, a group of voltage
    sources can be treated as one voltage source
    whose equivalent voltage ? all source voltages
  • unequal voltage sources are not to be connected
    in parallel

53
parallel current sources
  • when connected in parallel, a group of current
    sources can be treated as one current source
    whose equivalent current
  • ? all source currents
  • unequal current sources are not to be connected
    in series

54
PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD
va
vb
_
_
node3
node1
node2


Rb
Ra
ib
ia

ivs

vc

ic
vis
vs
Rc
is
_
_
_
node4
55
Homework for next Tuesday
  • See website for Assignment 1
  • show all work for any credit
  • Dorf Svoboda, pp. 16-18, pp. 44-45
  • Complete HW 1 for next Tuesday
  • Complete Lab HW Assignment 1 for Next Tuesday
    Individually!
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