The AntiApartheid Movement in South Africa:

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The Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa

• Context, Grievances, Goals

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Essential background on S. Africa 3 points to
remember

• Who came to S. Africa and when multiple moments
  of settlement, displacement
• Whites and Blacks not monolithic communities
  internal diversity and conflict
• Two general phases of white-dominated politics
• English-led (1910-1948)- racial discrimination
• Afrikaner-led (1948-1994)- Apartheid

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Pre-Apartheid Racism Discrimination

• 1910 - parliamentary membership limited to whites
  
• 1913 Native Lands Act legislation passed that
  restricted black land ownership to 7 percent of
  South Africa's total area
• Segregation, discrimination
• (But some good missionary schools, universities)

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What was Apartheid?

• Institutionalized apartness
• Doctrine of white supremacy promoted as a program
  of separate (and unequal) development
• strict segregation of the races white control of
  political institutions control over African
  movement to cities control of labor market
• 10 Nations in S. Africa whites grouped
  together seen (by whites) as superior

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Grand Apartheid

• Who you are, where you can live and work, what
  you can learn
• separate homelands for all races
• Population Registration Act 1950
• Group Areas Act (1950)
• Forced population transfers, esp. in 1970s

(UN Photo)
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Left, Houses in Soweto, a black township. (UN
Photo 155571C). Above, Inhabitants of Ekuvukene,
a "resettlement" village in the black "homeland"
called KwaZulu in Natal. (UN Photo 151716)
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Petty Apartheid

• Prohibited mixed marriages and inter-racial
  sexual relations
• whites have access to the most privileged
  suburbs, education, jobs and positions
• Segregated buses, restaurants, beaches, theatres,
  parks, public restrooms
• Explicit legislation (1953) determined that
  facilities did not have to be equal

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A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. (UN
Photo 151906C
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Segregated bathrooms in Johannesburg, 1985. (UN
Photo 155570C)
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Young school children in a classroom in the
squatter camp of Cross Roads, South Africa, in
1979. (UN Photo 143373 by Peter Magubane)
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Richard Khumalo, a police sergeant, and Regina
"Linda Malinga" Brooks were arrested for living
together as an inter-racial couple. Story from
Drum Magazine, 1954.
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Young coal miners in South Africa in 1988. (UN
Photo 186295 by Peter Magubane)
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A man from Crossroads, South Africa, plays his
guitar, in 1990. (UN Photo 186322 by Peter
Magubane)
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Opportunities Constraints Stable Structures

• State strength
• Strategies towards contenders
• Modes of repression
• Political identity international status

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South African police at Alexandra Township in
1985. (UN Photo 155579)
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Anti-Apartheid Struggle General Phases

• 1912-1948 (Pre-Apartheid) legal contention,
  strikes
• 1948-1960 Mass, largely nonviolent struggle led
  by the ANC
• 1960-1976 (Sharpeville to Soweto) Black
  Consciousness, fragmentation
• 1976-1994 Internationalization, militancy,
  nonviolent direct action

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Early resistance 1912-1948

• 1912 African National Congress founded (original
  name South African Native National Congress)
• Legal protests led by African elites
• Workers strikes

Delegation from the South African Native National
Congress that went to England in 1914 to convey
the objections of the African people to the 1913
Land Act