The Swedish Model Vision Zero

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The Swedish Model Vision Zero

• Authors
• Matts-Åke Belin
• Roger Johansson
• Anders Lie (presenting)
• Claes Tingvall
• The Swedish Road Administration

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Content

• Vision Zero, five dimensions
• Alcohol in traffic, problems and actions

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Development Sweden
Killed in Sweden 1935 - 2004
1 400
5 000 000
cars
killed
4 500 000
1 200
4 000 000
1 000
3 500 000
3 000 000
800
2 500 000
600
2 000 000
1 500 000
400
1 000 000
200
500 000
0
0
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
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The current road transport system

• Major mismatch between components of the system
• Trade-off between health and benefits allowed
• Unclear responsibilities
• Unclear safety philosophy
• Weak driving forces for change

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VISION ZERO A SAFE TRAFFIC CONCEPT

• History
• On October 9, 1997 the Road Traffic Safety Bill
  founded on "Vision Zero" was passed by a large
  majority in the Swedish Parliament. This
  represents an entirely new way of thinking with
  respect to road traffic safety.

• Goal
• The long term goal is that no-one shall be killed
  or seriously injured within the Swedish road
  transport system.

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Vision Zero ? Zero Fatalities(At least not
only)Vision Zero 5 dimensions(or more?)

• vision for many stakeholder
• ethical platform
• shared responsibility
• safety philosophy
• driving forces for change

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Vision for many stakeholder

• Traffic safety is a shared responsibility for
  many stakeholders
• A joint vision is a powerful tool to focus the
  work
• A vision sets out a future desired situation -
  not a step by step action with no definition of
  its end point

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Ethical platform

• Human life and health is paramount
• Life and health can not, in the long run, be
  traded against other benefits
• Mobility is a function of the safety level

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Shared responsibility

• Historically main responsibility on the road user
• In Vision Zero the responsibility is shared
  between road users and system designers

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Shared responsibility

• System designers are responsible for the design,
  operation and the use of the road transport
  system and are thereby responsible for the level
  of safety within the entire system.
• Road users are responsible for following the
  rules for using the road transport system set by
  the system designers.
• If the users fail to comply with these rules due
  to a lack of knowledge, acceptance or ability,
  the system designers are required to take the
  necessary further steps to counteract people
  being killed or injured.

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System designers everyone that influences the
design, function and use of the road transport
system

• politicians
• community planners
• road managers
• municipal authorities
• vehicle manufacturers
• transport companies and everyone who
  professionally uses roads and streets
• police
• rescue forces
• occupational health and safety authorities
• and more

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Shared responsibility
Road user
System designers
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Safety Philosophy
Any well functioning man-machine system brings
the failing human into the loop. Blaming the
victim approach is a catastrophe to prevention.
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Safety philosophy

• Inspiration from other areas ( i.e. occupational
  health and safety)
• People make errors, mistakes and misjudgements
• There are biomechanical tolerance limits
• The chain of events can be cut at many places
• Focus on injuries not crashes

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Classification of fatal crashesSweden 1998/1999
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Impaired driving alcohol, illegal drugs and
fatigue
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Impaired driving

• Alcohol
• Fatigue
• Drugs (illegal)
• Medicine
• Distraction

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Impaired driving
The Commission is currently conducting a review
into the European Road Safety Action Programme
and will, at the beginning of 2006, draw up an
assessment of measures which have been taken at
the European and Member State levels. Without
pre-empting the conclusions of this assessment,
it seems clear that the main causes of accidents
remain speeding, the non-wearing of seat belts
and helmets and alcohol/ drugs/ fatigue
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Alcohol in road traffic

• Many road crashes are related to alcohol. The
  proportion is growing with crash severity
• In Europe it is estimated that 25 of the severe
  crashes are related to alcohol.

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Alcohol in Swedish traffic

• Even very small amounts of alcohol can affect
  your driving ability. Sweden has a very strict
  law that entitles the Police to give a
  Breathalyzer test, even if there is no reason to
  suspect that you are driving under the influence
  of alcohol. If your blood level alcohol content
  is 0.2 promille or the content of alcohol in your
  exhaled breath is 0.10mg/l or more, this will
  result in a stiff fine, a prison sentence or
  both. You will also lose your driving license.
  Alcohol also remains in your system the day after
  you drink it. When attending a party in a Swedish
  home, it is customary for the hostess to ask
  who's driving and non-alcoholic beverages are
  always provided. Do Not Drink and Drive.
• American Women's Club in Sweden

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Drunk driver sorted by age, Fatal crashes Sweden
2002
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Blood Alcohol Levels and Police Report. Fatal
crashes Sweden 2002
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Alcohol/non-alcohol related crashes to crash
type. Fatal crashes Sweden 2002
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Single car
Other
Head on
Rear end
Overtaking
Pedestrians
Intersections
Alcohol related
Non-alcohol related
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Fatigue

• Many road crashes are related to fatigue. The
  proportion is growing with crash severity
• In Europe it is estimated that 20 of the severe
  crashes are related to fatigue.

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When road and rules are important
Normal driving
Dangerous situation
Health treatment
Crash
Access
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Approaches

• Citizens/drivers
• Surveillance
• Rehabilitation
• Technique in cars
• Road design

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Main areas

• Driver acceptance
• Police surveillance/enforcement
• Alcohols starter interlocks

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Driver acceptance

• Information
• Low levels 0.2 per mille BAC
• Focus young drivers
• Less than 0,5 with alcohol

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Social development
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Police surveillance / enforcement

• Random breath testing (1760 000 in 2005)
• (5,7 million drivers with licence)
• Anywhere, anytime and any policeman
• (more than 99,5 without alcohol)
• Well documented benefits

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Alcohol starter interlocks

• Rehabilitation Programme
• Commercial transports
• Private cars

Access
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Rehabilitation programme

• Used by DWI offenders in rehabilitation
  programmes.
• A lock that is difficult to manipulate with a
  reliable and accurate alcohol measuring. A log
  stores all the events and there is a possibility
  for retests at random time intervals.
• Approximately 500 units per year
• Very positive results for highly motivated
  drivers
• Focus the highest need

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Commercial transport

• Used to ensure sober drivers
• Transport companies, taxi, school buses, traffic
  schools etc
• Demanded by for example Swedish Road
  Administration
• Around 10 000 units in traffic
• Focus the highly motivated on a market
• Create a market for safe transports

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www.mhf.se
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• Volvo Cars and Saab Automobile are developing new
  products with support from Swedish Road
  Administration

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Private cars

• Strong political will
• High public acceptance
• Development needs
• Sweden wants to be test market

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The Swedish Commission on alcolocks (N 200416)

• The Commission on alcolocks (N 200416) has an
  assignment from the Government to investigate the
  possibilities to introduce demands for alkolocks
  or other devices to prevent drunk driving in all
  new cars registered in Sweden by the year 2012 at
  the latest.
• We want an earlier introduction of an alkolock
  obligation for buses and lorries by 2010. The
  Commission will also look into the steps to be
  taken to increase the acceptance and use of
  alcolocks.

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Impaired driving, challenges

• Price and handling must suite high volume
  introduction
• Can systems be developed that can handle all
  kinds of impaired driving? (Alcohol, fatigue,
  illegal drugs etc.)
• What should the car do when impaired/dangerous
  driving is detected?
• Legal obstacles, responsibility etc.

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Sectors must co-operate

• Research
• Industry
• Public authorities
• Drivers
• Transport buyers
• Occupational Health and Safety
• The public
• Politicians
• National and international

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The Swedish Model Vision Zero

• Anders.lie_at_vv.se
• www.vv.se
• www.mhf.se

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A Review of the Literature on the Effects of Low
Doses of Alcohol on Driving-Related Skills, H.
Moskowitz, D. Fiorentino, U.S. Department of
Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, USA

• Alcohol impairs some driving skills beginning
  with any significant departure from zero BAC. By
  BACs of 0.05 g/dl, the majority of the
  experimental studies examined reported
  significant impairment. By 0.08 g/dl, more than
  94 of the studies reviewed exhibited skills
  impairment.
• Specific performance skills are differentially
  affected by alcohol. Some skills are
  significantly impaired by BACs of 0.01 g/dl,
  while others do not show impairment until BACs of
  0.06 g/dl.
• Discrepancies between the reported BAC threshold
  of impairment within a behavioral area reflected
  a lack of standardization of testing methods,
  instruments, and measures in the studies
  reviewed.
• All drivers are expected to experience impairment
  in some driving-related skills by 0.08 g/dl or
  less.