SOME SOCIAL CAUSES OF PARTNER VIOLENCE

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SOME SOCIAL CAUSESOF PARTNER VIOLENCE
A. MALE DOMINANCE IN FAMILIES AND SOCIETY
Really dominance rather than equality B. HIGH
LEVEL OF CONFLICT IN FAMILIES C. CULTURAL NORMS
TOLERATING FAMILY VIOLENCE D. VIOLENCE CHILD
REARING E. VIOLENCE IN THE SOCIETY F. MANY
OTHER SOCIAL CAUSES G. PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES H.
MULTIPLE CAUSES, ALL INTERWOVEN
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A. INEQUALITY AND ESPECIALLY MALE
DOMINANCE Female dominance has the same
effect Male dominance more important because
more frequent Husband as the head of the
household National and international data on
above
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Marital Power, Conflict, Norm Consensus,
andMarital Violence in a Nationally
Representative Sample of Korean Couples. Kim,
Jae-Yop and Emery, Clifton. 2003. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence 18197-219.

• N 1,525 married men
• Phone survey
• Power measure Blood and Wolfe Decision Power
  Index
• Who had the final say on five decisions
• Buying a car
• Buying a house
• What job the husband should take
• What job the wife should take\
• Whether a partner should go to work or quit work
• Answer categories
• Wife only, Wife mostly, Husband and Wife equally,
  Husband only, Husband only

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Kim, Jae-Yop and Emery, Clifton. 2003.
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THE CONCEPT OF ARISK FACTOR

• A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A
  DISEASE OR PROBLEM
• EXAMPLES
• SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE
  (33 chance)
• MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING
• (20 chance - 7 fold increase)
• SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY
• (24 chance - 5 fold increase)
• BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING
• (19 chance - 3 fold increase)

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B
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UNRESOLVED CONFLICTS BETWEEN PARTNERS
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HONOR KILLING STILL RECOGNIZED AND PRACTICED IN
SOME MUSLIM COUNTRIES Example Of Jordan, NY
Times 1 Feb 03, page A4 Book by Norma Khouri,
Honor Lost (Simon and Shuster, 2003)
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The Demographic and Health Surveys Purpose is to
track the effectiveness of national family
planning and health programs. Funded by U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID)
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Circumstances when women feel it is acceptable
for a husband to beat his wife by type of
residence (urban versus rural)
Nation/Year Burns the food () Burns the food () Argues with him () Argues with him () Goes out without telling him () Goes out without telling him () Neglects children () Neglects children () Refuses to have sex with him () Refuses to have sex with him () Agrees with at least one reason () Agrees with at least one reason () Number of women Number of women
U R U R U R U R U R U R U R
Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa
Malawi (00) 7.9 18.2 10.8 20.1 11.4 17.5 13.7 23.3 11.0 19.1 22.4 38.2 2106 11114
Uganda (00/01) 10.9 24.5 20.6 40.2 45.0 58.5 57.7 69.3 12.7 26.5 65.6 78.6 1207 6039
Zimbabwe (99) 7.0 15.1 21.2 38.2 19.1 33.2 24.5 35.5 14.4 27.3 39.9 57.9 2279 3628
North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe North Africa/West Asia/Europe
Armenia (00) 2.4 8.9 9.1 22.4 11.7 32.9 17.9 41.8 4.1 10.4 22.0 48.8 3942 2488
Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia Central Asia
Turkmenistan (00) 16.7 26.3 26.9 39.7 33.2 46.4 37.6 48.8 17.2 24.4 45.6 57.0 3691 4228
South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia South Southeast Asia
Nepal (01) 3.9 5.1 8.0 8.8 13.2 12.1 29.0 24.8 2.7 3.1 33.2 28.3 841 7885
Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean
Haiti (00) 6.6 14.4 6.4 14.0 23.4 34.4 21.6 33.2 10.2 16.9 32.5 46.8 2364 2798
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Acceptance of reasons for a husband to beat his
wife is high regardless of a womans
decision-making power
Number of decisions where woman has final say Agrees with at least one reason () Number of women
0 41.2 10,645
1 to 2 46.0 16,056
3 to 4 46.5 11,517
5 42.1 16,392
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INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY I CAN THINK
OF A SITUATION WHEN I WOULD APPROVE OF A HUSBAND
SLAPPING HIS WIFES FACE Strongly Disagree,
Disagree, Agree, Strongly Agree What percent
of students in each country do not strongly
disagree?
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TOLERANCE FOR SLAPPING A SPOUSE HIGHER THAN WE
THOUGHT David W. Moore The Gallup
Organization Murray Straus The Family Research
Laboratory University of New Hampshire
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
American Association For Public Opinion Research,
May 18-21, 1995.
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Nationally representative sample of 1,023
adults Asked "Are there any situations that you
can imagine in which you would approve of a
husband slapping his wife's face? "Are there any
situations that you can imagine in which you
would approve of a wife slapping her husband's
wife's face?" Respondents could answer Yes or
No. Question first used in a study in 1968 for
the National Commission on the Causes and
Prevention of Violence For both questions, 21
answered yes. See the Commission Reports,
1969 Owens and Straus, 1975 Stark and McEvoy,
1970) and were also used in a 1985 and 1992
survey as well as the present study.
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MY QUALITATIVE EXPLORATIONS SUGGESTED THIS WAS
AN UNDERESTIMATE WHAT COULD CAUSE THE
UNDERESTIMATE? MANY THINGS. DAVID MOORE
SUGGESTED IT WAS DUE TO A COMBINATION
OF Reluctance To Reveal Socially Undesirable
Beliefs A Question Order Effect HUSBAND SLAP
WIFE QUESTION ALWAYS ASKED FIRST QUESTION ORDER
EXPERIMENT Form A Husband slap wife question
first Form B Wife slap husband question first.
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• LESSONS LEARNED FROM THIS STUDY
• The need to be skeptical about all research
  results\
• The scientific approach to skepticism is to do
  further research
• Importance of multiple methods qualitative as
  well as quantitative
• How an experiment can be used to test social
  science theories
• The extent to which there are unrecognized
  cultural norms permitting violence against
  partners
• The greater social acceptability of violence by
  women against partners, provided it is
  justified and relatively minor violence
• Men are more accepting of violence by women than
  are women
• Feminist women are less accepting of violence
  than other women
• How to read and interpret a three-dimensional
  table

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• D. WHY DO WE HAVE CULTURAL NORMS THAT APPROVE OR
  TOLERATE USE OF VIOLENCE IN FAMILIES?
• LEARNING OF VIOLENCE THROUGH OBSERVING PARENTS
  HIT EACH OTHER AND FROM CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
• USE OF VIOLENCE BY GOVENMENT

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Data from interviews with a nationally
representative sample of 970 American parents in
Gallup survey, 1995. Asked the parents
interviewed Thinking about the whole time
when you were a teenager, were there occasions
when your (father/stepfather) hit your
(mother/stepmother) or threw something at her?
YES NO If yes how often did that happen?
Never, Once, Twice,..3-5 times, 6-10 times,
11-20 times, 20 or more times What about
your (mother/stepmother) hitting your
(father/father)? Were there occasions when that
happened YES NOSaw hitting by either
parent 23.4 Father hit mother 19.5Mother
hit father 12.6
LEARNED BY WHITNESSING VIOLENCE BETWEEN PARENTS
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SPANKING TEACHES VIOLENCE
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WHAT PREVOKES SPANKING?

• WONT CLEAN UP HIS ROOM - 9
• STEALING - 27
• HITS OTHER CHILD - 41

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PROCESSES LINKING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND FAMILY
VIOLENCE

• ANGER
• LOW SELF-ESTEEM
• DEPRESSION
• LOW PROBLEM SOLVING SKILL

• VIOLENCE APPROVAL

• PARTNER ASSAULT
• CHILD ABUSE

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
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• F. SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES
• OF FAMILY VIOLENCE
• IMMATURITY
• IMPULSIVENESS
• LOW PROBLEM SOLVING SKILL
• ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
• NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTION
• JEALOUSY
• VIOLENT DISPOSITION, AGGRESSIVENESS
• HOSTILITY, ANGER
• DEPRESSION
• LOW SELF ESTEEM
• DOMINATING PERSONALITY
• DRUNKENNESS
• ETC

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THE CONCEPT OF ARISK FACTOR

• A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A
  DISEASE OR PROBLEM
• EXAMPLES
• SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE
  (33 chance)
• MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING
• (20 chance - 7 fold increase)
• SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY
• (24 chance - 5 fold increase)
• BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING
• (19 chance - 3 fold increase)

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G. MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS/CAUSES

• SMALL EFFECT OF ANY SINGLE CAUSE
• LARGE CUMULATIVE EFECT
• INTERWOVEN AND INTERACTING

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PARTNER VIOLENCE CHECK LIST (applies to both H-W
W-H Husband employed part time or
unemployed Family income under 6,000 Husband a
manual worker Husband very worried about economic
security Wife very dissatisfied with standard of
living Two or more children Disagreement over
children Grew up in family in which fatber hit
mother Married less than ten years Age thirty or
under Non-white racial group Above average score
on Marital Conflict Index Very high score on
Stress Index Wife dominant in family
decisions Husband was verbally aggressive to
wife Wife was verbally aggressive to husband Gets
drunk but is not alcoholic Lived in neighborhood
less than two years No participation in organized
religion
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Characteristics That Are Important for
Wife-beating Husband dominant in family
decisions Wife is full-time housewife Wife very
womed about economic security Characteristics
That Are Important for Husband beating Wife was
physically punished at age thirteen plus by
father Wife grew up in family in which mother hit
father Wife is a manual worker
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END FOR SOC 695
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SOCIAL ACCEPTANCEA LARGE PROPORTION OF PHYSICAL
AND SEXUAL ABUSE OCCURS WITH THE ACQUIENCE OF
OTHERS
IMPLICIT CULTURAL NORMS OF TOLERATION CHILD
ABUSE PARTNER VIOLNECE SEXUAL HARRASMENT (AAUP
study shows most occurs in classrooms and
hallways) PREVENTION IMPLICAITONS PARTLY DUE TO
NORM OF FAMILY PRIVACY BUT WHAT ABOUT ACQUIENCE
BY OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS?
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