INTERAMERICAN WATER DAY

1

• INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY
• IAWD - 2005

2
INTRODUCTION

• International Decade for Action Water for Life,
  2005-20151
• In September 2000, Millennium Summit ? 189
  Member States, including 147 Heads of State,
  adopted the Millennium Declaration giving rise to
  the Millennium Development Goals - MDG2
• In November 2003, in Brasilia, High-level
  conference ? Brasilia Declaration, is a call
  for action and implementation that reinforces the
  principle of association inherent in the
  Millennium Declaration and in the agreements
  reached at former Summit Meeting of the Americas.

1 http//www.un.org/spanish/events/waterday/2005
2 http//www.unmillenniumproject.org
3
INTRODUCTION

• In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one in
  four people does not have access to water and
  sanitation
• In the areas and communities of the Region most
  affected by inequities, -where the average is one
  in two people does not have access to water and
  sanitation

4
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG)

• Erradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
• Achieve universal primary education.
• Promote gender equity and empower women.
• Reduce child mortality.
• Improve maternal health.
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
• Ensure environmental sustainability.
• Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of
  people without sustainable access to safe
  drinking water and basic sanitation. (Indicator
  defined by JMP)
• Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a
  significant improvement in the lives of at least
  100 million slum-dwellers (Indicators defined by
  UN-HABITAT. Se prevé joint report with JMP)
• Develop a global alliance for development.

5
MONITORING THE TARGETS
JMP 3, WHO and UNICEF, evaluates the process of
reaching Target 10 - MDG

• JMP is based on household surveys and/or
  population census in the countries
• When this type of data is not available does the
  JMPE use data from service providers in the
  countries
• JMP uses indicators of access or coverage
• Percentage of the population urban and rural
  using improved drinking water sources
• Percentage of the population urban and rural
  using improved sanitation facilities

3 JMP Joint Monitoring Program,
http//www.wssinfo.org
6
MONITORING THE TARGETS
Technological options in monitoring indicators
Target 10 MDG (JMP, 2004)
7
MONITORING THE TARGETS

• According to the JMP
• Drinking water is that used for domestic
  purposes, including water used for drinking and
  hygiene
• If more than 30 minutes are needed for a round
  trip from a water source in rural areas
• A lower quantity of water tends to be collected
  that the required for basic needs
• The monitoring instruments in use do not consider
  neither the cost, continuity of the service, nor
  the quality of the water at the source or in the
  household.
• Improved Drinking Water Sources may already be
  contaminated or, if there is no household
  connection or the service is not continuous,
  water may be contaminated during transport or
  inadequate household storage.

8
MONITORING THE TARGETS

• The JMP recognizes that a better definition of
  sanitation should include aspects of
• Good service,
• privacy,
• cleanliness and
• Healthy settings.
• The indicator does not take into account the
  disposal of sludge from septic tanks or effluents
  from sewerages, a risk to public health,
  ecosystems and peoples environment and their
  competitiveness in trade and tourism.
• Other monitoring instruments are required to
  collect information on these aspects.

9
MONITORING THE TARGETS

• Since 2003, the JMP has had an advisory group
  which includes academicians and experts in
  sectorial and monitoring aspects. In addition to
  its current functions, the JMP will work on
• A report on drinking water and sanitation in
  marginal urban areas, with UN-HABITAT,
• A report on the scale and impact of poor
  management of wastewater, with UNEP,
• Strengthening the monitoring and evaluation
  capacities of the countries. This should
  contribute to identify overcome and the problems
  of equity and quality of the services, which are
  not detected during the global monitoring.

10
WATER FOR CHILDRENS LIFE
WHO Health, rather than absence of disease is a
state of psychic, physical, and social welfare
which enables human development
Consequently, infant mortality indicators are
valuable as long as they simultaneously reflect
improvements in other aspects affecting infant
health such as growth, neuro-psychic
development, and learning ability emotional
maturity and the ability to have a place in the
family and community among others 4.
4 Chapter VII of the Millennium Development
Goals in LAC. Challenges, Actions and
Commitments. IABD, 2004.
11
WATER FOR CHILDRENS LIFE PERCENTAGE OF DEATH
ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES BY AGE GROUP
AND REGION
Source JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it
Happen
12
WATER FOR CHILDRENS LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
LACK OF IMPROVED SOURCES OF DRINKING WATE AND
SANITATION FACILITIES, AND DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO
DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (lt 1 YEAR PER 1000 NACIDOS
VIVOS)
Source JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it
Happen
13
WATER FOR CHILDRENS LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
INFANT MORTALITY AND ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND
SANITATION
Source Adapted from Otterstetter, H., Galvão,
L. A., Witt, V., et al. (2001) Health Equity in
Relation to Safe Drinking Water Supply, en Equity
and Health Views from the Pan American Sanitary
Bureau, pp. 99-114, based on data from i) PAHO
(2003), Indicadores básicos de salud en las
Américas and ii) JMP (2004), Meeting the MDG
Drinking Water and Sanitation Target. A Mid-Term
Assessment of Progress
14
WATER FOR LIFE AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG

• Diarrhea is not the only water-related disease
  that limits childrens development.
• Access to drinking water and sanitation services
  and improvements in hygiene practices helps to
  reduce health risk associated with parasites,
  such as schistosomiasis and helminthiasis.
• A better integrated water resource management
  helps to reduce the risk of transmission of
  diseases associated with mosquitoes, such as
  malaria and dengue.

15
WATER FOR LIFE AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG

• Millions of families in LAC pay the cost of not
  having access to adequate drinking water and
  sanitation services every day.
• When they are ill, they cannot work and need
  care from other members of the family.
• Collecting water involves waste of time and
  energy. This limits the quality of life and
  productivity, which generally affects women more
  than men.

16
WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS
COST/BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS SCENARIOS IN WATER
AND SANITATION IN LAC
1 Annual costs and benefits in millions of USD at
2000 values
17
WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITSESTIMATED
BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS IN WATER AND SANITATION
ASSOCIATED WITH SCENARIO 2. (MDG TARGET 10 IN
LAC, ACCORDING TO JMP INDICATOR)
Source Hutton, G, and Heller, L. Evaluation of
the costs and benefits of water and sanitation
improvements at global level. WHO, 2004 JMP, 2005
18
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES IN LAC
(JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
1 Forecasts of access by 2015,according to trend
in period 1990 to 2002 2 Forecast based on
compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7, according
to JMP indicator.
19
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES IN LAC
(JMP, 2004)
1 Forecast access by 2015, according to trend in
period 1990 to 2002. 2 Forecast based on
compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7 according
to JMP indicator.
20
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO IMPROVED
SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

• Between 1990 and 2002 the LAC population rose
  from 441.5 a 535.6 millions. Exceeding this rate
  of growth, the proportion of the population with
  access to water rose from 83 to 89.

• Deficit in Access. (JMP Mid-Term Assessment
  WHO/UNICEF, 2004).
• 60 millions (11) without access 40 millions
  rural (31) 20 millions urban
  (5)
• 59 millions (11) with access and without
  household connection
• 416 millions (78) with household connection
• Deficit in Quality of Service (E-2000, PAHO)
• 41 without disinfection
• 60 with intermittence
• 45 losses

21
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN
MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING
WATER SOURCES BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED
ON THE JMP, 2004)
Total 60M inhabitants in LAC without access to
improved drinking water

• - Population ( on the left) without access
  compared to the total population of the group or
  country
• Population (on the right) without access in the
  group or country compared to the 60 M
  inhabitants without access in LAC

22
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO IMPROVED
SANITATION FACILITIES
Between and 2002, the LAC population rose from
441.5 to 535.6 millions. Exceeding this rate of
growth, the proportion of the population with
access to sanitation rose from 69 to 75.

• Deficit in access. (JPM Mid-Term Evaluation JMP
  WHO/UNICEF, 2004).
• 137 millions (25) without access 72 millions
  rural (56)
  65 millions urban (16)
• Deficit in Quality of Service (Assessment 2000,
  PAHO)
• Coverage of 49 for
  population with
  sewerage
  systems but only 14 of
• effluents with some type of
  
  treatment

23
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN
MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED
SANITATION FACILITIES BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN
LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)
Total 137M inhabitants in LAC without access to
improved sanitation facilities

• - Population ( on the left) without access
  compared to the total population of the group or
  country
• Population ( on the right) without access in
  the group or country compared to the 137 M
  inhabitants without access in LAC.

24
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO
DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF,
2004)
25
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO
DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF,
2004)
26
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO
DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF,
2004)
27
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO
DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF,
2004)
28
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY HOUSEHOLDS WITH
HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA
EXPTENDITUREIN BRAZIL (A) AND PERU (B).
Source Inequalities in the access and
expenditure with drinking water in LAC, PAHO,
2001 Technical Reports 2 and 11
29
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Service level and
quantity of water collected
Fuente Howard G. and Bartram, J. Domestic Water
Quantity, Service Level and Health, WHO, 2003
30
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Drinking water
treatment infrastructure in Colombia (SIAS, CRA,
2001)
31
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD (JMP, 2000)
32
MESAGE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL
AT THE OPENING OF DECADE WATER FOR LIFE
Water is essential for life. Yet many millions
of people around the world face water shortages.
Many millions of children die every year from
water-borne diseases. And drought regularly
afflicts some of the worlds poorest countries.
The world needs to respond much better. We need
to increase water efficiency, especially in
agriculture. We need to free women and girls
from the daily chore of hauling water, often over
great distances. We must involve them in
decision-making on water management.
We need to make SANITATION a priority. This
is where progress is lagging most. And we must
show that water resources need not be a source of
conflict. Instead, they can be a catalyst for
cooperation.
33
Water for Life. Equity and quality of services
34
Thank you for your attention
http//www.bvsde.ops-oms.org/bvsadiaa/diaa/index.h
tml