Adapting to the Environment

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Adapting to the Environment
Preview
Section 1 Animal Reproduction Section 2 Plant
Reproduction Section 3 Animal Behavior Section
4 Adaptations and Survival
Concept Mapping
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Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Objectives

• Describe the patterns and advantages of asexual
  reproduction in animals.
• Describe the patterns and advantages of sexual
  reproduction in animals.
• Explain how sexual reproduction is related to
  variation within a species.

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Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Objectives, continued

• Explain the difference between external and
  internal fertilization.
• Identify the three different types of mammalian
  reproduction.

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Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction

• In asexual reproduction, a single parent has
  offspring genetically identical to the parent.
• Budding part of parent organism pinches off to
  form offspring
• Fragmentation/Regeneration part of organism
  breaks off and all parts regrow into new
  organisms
• Binary fission (cell division)
• also runners (strawberries, crab grass), grafting
  (grapes, roses, fruit trees), spores (mold)

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binary fission gt
lt regeneration
budding
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• Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
• allows organisms successful in an environment
  to reproduce offspring which will also be
  successful
• allows organisms to reproduce rapidly

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• Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
• What if the environment suddenly changes?
• The entire population may be wiped out.

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Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

• In sexual reproduction, genetic information from
  more than one parent combines to form a
  genetically unique offspring.
• Sexual reproduction in animals usually requires
  two parentsa male and a female.
• female parent ? eggs
• male parent ? sperm

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Section 1 Animal Reproduction
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• Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
• Combination of genes from parents produces
  variation in populations.
• Variation allows populations to adapt to
  changes in the environment over time.

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Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Internal and External Fertilization

• External Fertilization occurs when sperm
  fertilizes eggs outside females body. (EX
  fish, amphibians)
• Internal Fertilization occurs when egg and sperm
  join inside females body. (EX reptiles, birds,
  mammals)

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Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Mammals fur, nourish young with milk

• Monotremes egg-laying. (EX spiny anteater,
  platypus)
• Marsupials give birth to partially developed
  live young. Most marsupials have pouches where
  young continue to develop after birth. (EX
  kangaroo, opossum, wallaby)
• Placental Mammals young nourished inside
  mothers body before birth. (EX humans, wolves)

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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Bellringer
Brainstorm a list of ways that plants disperse
their seeds. Write your answers in your science
journal.
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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Objectives

• Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in
  nonvascular plants.
• Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in
  seedless vascular plants.
• Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in
  seed plants.
• Identify three kinds of asexual reproduction in
  plants.

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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Nonvascular Plants

• Nonvascular plants must be covered by a film of
  water for fertilization to occur.
• Eggs and sperm form in separate structures, often
  on separate plants.
• When water covers clumps of gametophytes, sperm
  swim to female gametophytes, fertilize eggs.

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• Non-vascular plants
• mosses
• liverworts

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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seedless Vascular Plants

• Similar to nonvascular plants, seedless vascular
  plants can only reproduce when film of water
  covers gametophyte.
• However, in most species, both eggs and sperm
  produced on same plant.
• Gametophytes usually very small, develop on/below
  soil surface.

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Seedless vascular plants
horsetails
ferns gt
club mosses
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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants

• Gymnosperms Most have reproductive structures ?
  cones (conifers).
• gymnos naked (Greek)
• Wind transfers pollen (sperm) from male cone to
  eggs in female cone during pollination.

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gymnosperms
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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued

• Angiosperms
• gametophytes develop within flowers.
• Pollination occurs when pollen moves from anthers
  to stigmas.
• Fertilization happens when a sperm fuses with the
  egg inside an ovule.

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angiosperms
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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms
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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms

• From Flower to a Fruit After fertilization
  takes place, the ovule develops into a seed
  (contains tiny, undeveloped plant).
• As fruit swells/ripens ? protects developing
  seeds.
• Fruits often help plant spread seeds.
• EX Bird eats blackberry, flies several miles,
  poops seeds which then sprout in new area.

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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued

• From Seed to a Plant When seeds are dropped or
  planted in a suitable environment, the seeds
  sprout and young plants begin to grow.
• To sprout, most seeds need water, air, and warm
  temperatures.
• Each plant species has ideal temperature at which
  most of its seeds will begin to grow.

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Reproduction in Seed Plants
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Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants

• Other methods of plant reproduction include
• Plantlets Tiny plants grow along edges of
  plants leaves. These plantlets fall off and grow
  on own.
• EX mother-of-thousands plant
• Tubers Underground stems, or tubers, produce new
  plants after dormant season. EX potatoes
• Runners Above-ground stems from which new plants
  can grow. EX strawberries

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Section 3 Animal Behavior
Bellringer
Write a sentence to describe each of the
following terms predator, prey. List three
animals that are predators and three that are
prey. Are humans predators or prey? Explain your
answer. Write your answers in your science
journal.
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Section 3 Animal Behavior
Objectives

• Explain the difference between learned and innate
  behavior.
• Describe five kinds of behaviors that help
  animals survive.
• Identify seasonal behaviors that help animals
  adapt to the environment.

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Section 3 Animal Behavior
Kinds of Behavior

• Innate
• Learned

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• Innate Behavior
• behavior that doesnt depend on learning or
  experience
• inherited through genes (instincts)
• EX
• Bees fly
• Male bowerbird collects colourful objects for
  nesting to attract mate
• Newborn whales swim
• Humans walk (not at birth)

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• Learned Behavior
• behavior that has been learned from experience or
  from observing other animals
• can be modified
• can use learning to change a behavior
• EX
• Human language, wearing clothes
• Gorilla (Koko) used sign language
• Pets at feeding time

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Section 3 Animal Behavior
Survival Behaviors

• Finding Food
• Predators
• Prey
• Marking Territory
• claim territories to save energy by avoiding
  competition.
• Territory area occupied by one animal or group
  of animals that do not allow other members of
  species to enter.

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Section 3 Animal Behavior
Survival Behaviors, continued

• Defensive Action allows animals to protect
  resources (food, mates, offspring) from others.
  
• Courtship
• Behaviors which attract mates
• must find mates to reproduce (essential for
  survival of an individuals genes).
• Parenting
• young animals depend on parents for survival

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courtship
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Section 3 Animal Behavior
Seasonal Behaviors

• Migration
• avoid cold weather by traveling to warmer places.
  
• migrate to find food, water, or safe nesting
  grounds.
• Hibernation
• period of inactivity/decreased body temperature
  some animals experience in winter.
• Estivation
• internal slowdown in hottest part of summer

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estivation
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Section 3 Animal Behavior
Seasonal Behavior, continued

• Biological Clock
• internal control of an animals natural cycles
• use clues such as length of day and temperature.
• Circadian Rhythms
• Some biological clocks control long cycles.
  Seasonal cycles nearly universal for animals.
• Hibernation
• Reproduce to take advantage of climate helpful
  for youngs survival
• Migration patterns

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Bellringer
In your own words, write a definition for
the following terms adaptation, natural
selection, and competition. Write your
definitions in your science journal.
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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Objectives

• Identify three kinds of adaptations that help
  organisms survive.
• Describe the four parts of natural selection.
• Explain how variation occurs within a population.
• Explain why genetic variation within a population
  is important.
• Explain how resistance to insecticide is a
  survival characteristic.

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Adaptations for Obtaining Food

• Adaptation a characteristic that improves
  individuals ability to survive and reproduce in
  a particular environment.
• Almost all organisms have adaptations to help
  them obtain food.
• Woodpecker beak to drill thru bark
• Chameleon long tongue to capture insects
• Humans shape and function of fingers/hands

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Predator-Prey Adaptations

• Camouflage defense adaptation - disguise used
  by organism so it is hard to see even when
  organism is in view by predator.

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Adaptations to Interactions

• Two species can also acquire adaptations because
  of their interaction with one another.
• Adaptations because of interactions can take
  place between any organisms that live close
  together.

Hawaiian honeycreeper and lobelia
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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Natural Selection

• Inherited characteristics in populations can
  change over time.
• Natural selection process by which individuals
  that are better adapted to their environment
  survive and reproduce more successfully than less
  well-adapted individuals.

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Natural Selection, continued

• The theory of natural selection explains how a
  population changes in response to its
  environment.
• If natural selection is always taking place, a
  population will tend to be well adapted to its
  environment.
• The individuals that are likely to survive and
  reproduce are those that are best adapted at the
  time.

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Natural Selection
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• Natural Selection 4 Steps
• Overproduction
• More offspring are born than can survive to
  adulthood.

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• Natural Selection 4 Steps
• Genetic variation within a population
• Individuals in population have different
  characteristics due to genetic differences. Some
  differences increase survival chances, some lower
  chances.

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• Natural Selection 4 Steps
• Struggle for survival
• Only some individuals survive to reproduce
  insufficient food/water, predation, inability to
  find mate

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• Natural Selection 4 Steps
• Successful reproduction
• Individuals better adapted for survival live to
  reproduce. Those less adapted either die or have
  few offspring.

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Changes in Genetic Variation

• In order for natural selection to continue,
  individuals within population must be different.
• Over time, the population will be made up of more
  individuals with characteristics that help them
  survive.

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival

• If a population decreases rapidly, a genetic
  bottleneck occurs. Many characteristics may be
  lost entirely from a population because all
  individuals with those characteristics died.

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Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Insecticide Resistance

• Insecticide resistance ? result of natural
  selection.
• Some individual insects within population are
  resistant to certain insecticides. Resistance is
  an adaptation.
• These insects survive and reproduce. They pass
  insecticide-resistance genes to offspring.
• MRSA and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria ?
  result of natural selection

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Adapting to the Environment
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide. asexual reproduction budding e
xternal fertilization fragmentation reproduction
internal fertilization sexual reproduction
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Adapting to the Environment
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Adapting to the Environment