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Microgrids and the Macrogrid

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Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, & Bob Lasseter. Sandia National Laboratory, Berkeley Lab, and University of Wisconsin, Madison ... Other Members of CERTS Distributed ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Microgrids and the Macrogrid


1
Microgrids and the Macrogrid
  • Presentation to the
  • California Public Utilities Commission
  • 20 February 2001
  • by
  • Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, Bob Lasseter
  • Sandia National Laboratory, Berkeley Lab, and
    University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology
    Solutions
  • Other Members of CERTS Distributed Energy
    Resources Group
  • Bob Yinger - SCE, Jeff Dagle - PNNL, John Kueck -
    ORNL

2
Outline
  • INTRODUCTION TO CERTS - Abbas
  • THE EMERGING MICROGRID PARADIGM - Chris
  • DER TECHNOLOGY AND THE MICROGRID - Bob
  • CONCLUSION - Bob
  • QUESTIONS - all

3
CERTS Mission Statement
CERTS Formation
Formed in 1998 as an Industry, DOE Labs and
Universities consortium
  • To research, develop, and disseminate new
    methods, tools, and technologies to protect and
    enhance the reliability of the U.S. electric
    power system under the emerging competitive
    electricity market structure

4
Research Performers
5
Core Research Areas
Real-Time Grid Reliability Management
Reliability Technology Issues and Needs
Assessment
  • Reliability and Markets

Distributed Energy Resources Integration
Addresses recommendations made by Secretary of
Energy Advisory Board (SEAB) Task Force on
Electric System Reliability
6
CERTS Road Map
7
CERTS Industry Advisory Board
  • VIKRAM S. BUDHRAJA - Chair
  • President
  • Electric Power Group
  • MICHEHL R. GENT
  • President
  • North American Electric Reliability Council
  • TERRY M. WINTER
  • Chief Executive Officer
  • California Independent System Operator
  • PHILLIP G. HARRIS
  • President and CEO
  • PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.
  • BRUCE A. RENZ
  • former VP Energy Delivery Support
  • American Electric Power
  • Chair, AEIC Electric Reliability Committee
  • EPRI Research Advisory Council
  • CHARLES B. CURTIS
  • Executive Vice President
  • United Nations Foundation
  • RICK A. BOWEN
  • Executive Vice President
  • Dynegy
  • PAUL BARBER
  • Sr. Vice President, Transmission Engrg.
  • Citizens Power
  • DALE T. BRADSHAW
  • Senior Mgr., Power Delivery Technology
  • Tennessee Valley Authority
  • JOHN D. WILEY
  • Provost Vice Chancellor, Academic
  • University of Wisconsin

8
Funding
9
DOE CERTS Relationship
10
The DOE DER Program Goals
  • Near Term (Year 2005)
  • Develop the next generation distributed energy
    technologies and address institutional/regulatory
    barriers
  • Mid Term (Year 2010)
  • Reduce the costs and emissions and increase
    efficiency and reliability of distributed
    technologies to achieve 20 of new capacity
    additions
  • Long Term (Year 2020)
  • Make the nations electric system the cleanest,
    most efficient, reliable and affordable in the
    world by maximizing the use of distributed energy
    resources

11
Program Differences
  • DOE DER Program sets national policy, goals
  • Technology improvements Advanced microturbines,
    gas-fired engines
  • Strong emphasis on combined heat and power
  • Focus on reducing institutional and regulatory
    barriers
  • CERTS DER activity focuses on DG systems issues
  • Examines DG from transmission reliability
    perspective
  • Effects of large penetration of DG into the grid
  • Control, protection, role in the grid and
    competitive market

12
Framing the Issues
  • DOE DER Program goal
  • 20 of new generation capacity additions through
    distributed generation by year 2010
  • 26.5 GW of DG
  • If small DG ( lt100 kW) captures 25 of the 26.5
    GW goal, then -
  • 100,000 small DG sources could populate
    the grid

13
Meeting Future Electricity Demand
  • according to the Annual Energy Outlook 2001
  • to 2020 U.S. electricity demand
  • will grow at only 1.8/a (GDP at 3.0)
  • but with retirements, thats almost 400 GW new
    capacity
  • thats 92 natural gas fired, tripling NG use for
    power
  • roughly equivalent to 1000 new generating
    stations plus associated transmission and
    distribution
    (an investment of 400 billion)
  • NG prices increase at only 2/a real
  • electricity prices fall at 0.5/a real
  • share of electricity passing through high voltage
    grid unchanged

14
Limits of Current Power System
  • other restrictions on power system expansion
  • siting, environmental, right-of-way, etc.
  • efficiency limits (carbon, CHP/cogeneration,
    losses)
  • centralized power system planning
  • heterogeneous power quality requirements
  • extreme customer requirements
  • high cost of reliability?
  • volatile bulk power markets
  • economic drive to operate power system closer to
    limits
  • can the traditional power system deliver digital
    power?

15
Customer Driven Development
  • apply emerging technologies to self generate
  • meet heterogeneous customer requirements locally
  • control reliability and quality close to end-use
  • optimize meshed grid reliability for bulk
    transactions
  • operate connected or disconnected to the grid
  • make decisions about power system expansion
    operation
  • group sources and loads
  • optimize over compatible electrical and heat
    requirements
  • power system of relatively weakly interconnected
    microgrids?

16
A microgrid is ...
  • designed, built, and controlled by customers
    based on internal requirements subject to the
    technical, economic, and regulatory opportunities
    and constraints faced.
  • a cluster of small (e.g. lt 500 kW) sources,
    storage systems, and loads which presents itself
    to the grid as a legitimate entity, i.e. as a
    good citizen
  • interconnected with the familiar wider power
    system, or macrogrid, but can island from it

17
Customer DER Adoption
  • goal is to anticipate the microgrid technical
    problems that must be solved
  • forecast the attractive technologies and
    configurations
  • customer decision is akin to utility planning
  • local constraints on development critical - GIS
  • microgrids unlikely to disconnect entirely
  • DER adoption can/will be shaped by tariff policy

18
DER Adoption by a Typical Office Building
on-site installed capacity
economic environment scenarios
19
Key DG Technology
  • Appliance like DG
  • 100 kW 120 - 480 V
  • Microturbine
  • Photovoltaic
  • Automotive Fuel Cell
  • Substation DG
  • 1-10 MW 2.2 kV up
  • Combustion Turbines
  • Reciprocating Engines
  • Fuel Cells
  • Hybrids


20
Generation Efficiencies
1 MW
70

CHP
Hybrid Fuel cell
With CHP
60
CCTG
50
Fuel Cell
Micro Turbine
40
GasTurbine
Reciprocating Engines
30
Old steam
20
10kW 100kW 1 MW
10MW 100MW 1000MW
21
Reciprocating Gen Sets
  • Diesel gen sets generally will be your best
    choice when
  • Low installed cost (/kW)..
  • Gas fuel is unavailable or expensive.
  • Gas gen sets generally will be your best choice
    when
  • Air emissions regulations are a concern.
  • A reliable gas supply is available and
    affordable.

22
Caterpillars Gen Sets
  • In the last 60 days, Caterpillar installed 200MW
    of rental power throughout the West Coast U.S.
  • During 2000, they sold nearly 20 gigawatts --

23
Hybrid Fuel Cells/Microturbine
  • Commercial Scale Plan
  • Demonstration
  • DOE
  • Technology Program
  • 250kW
  • 1.3MW
  • 2.5MW
  • Electricity Efficient ( gt70)

24
The New Paradigm
  • Distributed generation. Small-scale power
    systems, installed on multiple commercial and
    industrial customers' sites, can function as a
    "virtual power plant" under utility control.
  • Utilities can dispatch these distributed systems
    to enhance local grid stability, meet peak
    demands, capitalize on favorable market prices,
    and more.

25
Application of Distributed Generation New
Paradigm
  • KEY ISSUES
  • Ratings gt 1MW
  • Utility Voltages 2.2 - 66 kV
  • Dispatchable
  • Can Participate in Markets
  • GENERATOR TYPE
  • Combustion Turbines
  • Fuel Cells
  • Reciprocating Engines
  • Hybrids


26
Key DG Technology
  • Appliance like DG
  • 100 kW 120 - 480 V
  • Microturbine
  • Photovoltaic
  • Automotive Fuel Cell
  • Substation DG
  • 1-10 MW 2.2 kV up
  • Combustion Turbines
  • Reciprocating Engines
  • Fuel Cells
  • Hybrids


27
30-75 kW Micro turbine
  • Installed at 700/kW (target is 350/kW)
  • Efficiency 30
  • Air foil bearings
  • Operation speed 60,000-100,000 RPMs

28
Microturbine Basics
29
200kW Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
  • The power plant in Santa Clara is rated at 1.8 MW
    AC net
  • It contains more than 4,000 cells

2000-3000/kW
30
Fuel Cell System
CO2
31
On Site Generation
  • NOx
  • .00115
  • .00124
  • .000015
  • .0005
  • .00
  • .010
  • lb/kWh
  • Microturbine
  • C Turbine
  • PEM Fuel Cells
  • Hybrid FC/MT
  • Roof top PV
  • DualFuel Engine
  • CO2
  • 1.188
  • 1.145
  • 0.95
  • 0.5
  • .00
  • 1.20


Air Pollution Emission Impacts Associated with
Economic Market Potential of DG in California,
June 2000
32
Key Factors Impacting Application of Small
Distributed Generation
  • KEY ISSUES
  • Uses Power Electronics
  • Ratings small 100kW
  • Customer Voltages 120 - 480 V
  • Dispatchable Very Complex
  • Difficult to Participate in Markets due to small
    size
  • Connection Cost High
  • GENERATOR TYPE
  • (appliance like)
  • Microturbine
  • Automotive Fuel Cell
  • Photovoltaic


33
Achieving the 100,000 units
  • Rethink the paradigm
  • System approach to DER
  • Enable small-size DER to be a citizen of the grid
  • Promote multiple unit installations
  • Enable appliance type plug-and-play functionality
  • Enable market participation

34
MicroGrid Paradigm
  • MicroGrid concept assumes a cluster of loads,
    micro-sources and storage operating as a single
    system to
  • Presented to the grid as a single controllable
    unit (impacts system reliability fits new
    paradigm)
  • Meets customers needs (such as local reliability
    or power quality)

35

MicroGrid Paradigm
  • Dispatchable load
  • Responds to real-time pricing
  • Simple protection

Utility
  • Local voltage control
  • UPS functions
  • Local redundancy
  • Digital power
  • Loss reduction
  • Use of waste heat


Customer
Loads, micro-sources storage
36
Islanded Factory Micro Grid
Non-critical Loads
13.8 kV
480V
8
480V
22
16
11
Critical Loads
37
Frequency Droop
w
P
38
Island Operation
39
Conclusion 100,000 units
  • Key The MicroGrid (An aggregation of
    micro-sources, loads and storage)
  • Presents itself as a single operating entity to
    the grid
  • Customer centered Key value added point
  • Can participate in markets (load management)
  • Recognizes combined heat and power applications
  • No centralized fast control
  • Visualizes an appliance model Plug Play
    model
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