Possibilities of nanomaterials for applications in extreme conditions of advanced power installatio

1
??????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?
????????????? ???????? ?????????????
?????????????? ?????????Possibilities of
nanomaterials for applications in extreme
conditions of advanced power installations

• ?.?. ???????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????
  ?????? ??? (??????)
• R.A. Andrievskiy, Institute of problems of
  chemical
• physics, Russian Academy of
  Sciences

2
Outline

• ?????????? Introduction
• ???????????? ?? Stability
  of NM
• ??????? ??? ?? High temperatures
• ????????? Irradiation
• ?????????? Conclusion
• ?.?.???????????. ????????????????? ??. ??????
  ????? 71, 967(2002)
• R.A.Andrievskiy. Stability of nanomaterials. J.
  Mater. Sci. 38, 1367 (2003)

3

• Almost all nanomaterials (NM) are usually
  far from equilibrium state because of
• a large share of interfaces and triple
  junctions,
• possible irregular distribution of admixtures,
• the occurrence of non-equilibrium phases,
• residual stresses, lattice defects and so on.
• All these features can result in the property
  improvement but on the other hand, this is
  necessity to pay attention to the stability
  retention of NM. The thermal activation,
  irradiation, deforma-tion and chemical reactions
  lead to the enhancement of diffusion, relaxation
  and recrystallization with partial or total
  annihilation of the nanostructure,
  non-equilibrium phases and residual stresses that
  are responsible for NM properties.
• The regularities of all these phenomena are
  very important for the estimation of the NM
  possibilities for applications in extreme
  conditions of advanced power installations.

4

• However, there is some backgraund for the NM
  stability
• pinning of grain boundaries by pores /
  inclusions
• large quantity of triples (stoppers for grain
  growth)
• nonmonotonic change of the Gibbs free energy
• spinodal decomposition with the nanostructure
  formation

-TiN/ZrN 20 layers ? -TiN/ZrN 10 layers x
(Ti,Zr)N
J.Weissmuller 2, 1993
R.A.Andrievskiy et al. 3, 1991
5

• Now there are many examples of modern
  extreme
• conditions but because of limited time we shall
• shortly consider only candidate materials for
  two
• types of the new generation devices such as
• 1) turbine blades for gas turbines
• 2) components for nuclear fission and
  fusion
• reactors
• 1. It is supposed that the next limit of
  operating temperature for gas turbines of new
  generation
• will be of about 1350oC and classic Ni-based
  superalloys are out of considerations. In this
  connection, Nb-based alloys and SiC-based
  composites are the most interesting.

6

• Typical composition of the
  strongest Nb-based
• alloy is the followingNb-16Si-15W-5Mo-5Hf-5C
  (at)
• with the creep rupture life over 100 h under 150
  MPa
• at 1500oC that it is at the account of a solid
  solution
• hardening and a dispersion strengthening (R.
  Tana-
• ka et al.4, 2003). As far as I know, these
  properties
• for nano Nb-alloy are absent. However, as in the
  ca-
• se of nano-structured ferritic MA957
  alloy(14Cr,0.9Ti,
• 0.3Mo,0.25 Y2O3), it is possible to wait that
  the me-chanical properties of Nb-based alloys
  could be im-proved and stable in nanocrystalline
  state at high T.
• _____________________________________________
• After annealing at 1000oC up to 3000 h this alloy
  had claster-oxide Y2TiO5 size of 3 nm (P.Miao et
  al5,2008)
• .

7

• There are some encouraging examples of the
  SiC-composites termostability
• Cfiber/SiCfiller/Si-B-C-Nmatrix (S.-H. Lee
  6, 2009)
• Initial
  After heating at 10 h
• 
  1700oC 1800oC 1900oC
• Bending strength (MPa) 35745 37327
  32333 31440

Creep rate at 1350oC (s100 MPa)
8

9

• Ovidko and A. Sheiderman considered the
  competition bet-ween amorphization-suppressing /
  amorphization-enhanced processes at the grain
  boundaries and formulated critical
• relationships for these phenomena (14, 2005).
• Shen also analised the radiation tolerance of NM
  (improving or degradation dependening on the
  balance of free energy from interfaces and point
  defects (15, 2008)

?Ggb Gibbs Free Energy of grain boundaries ?Gpd
Gibbs Free Energy of irrad.point-defects ?GptGib
bs Free Energy barrier for phase-tran-
sition (amorphization) reg.1
amorphization without irradiation reg.2/3
amorphization with irradiation reg.4
(d2ltdltd3) amorphization is absent
(d3ltdltdm) amorphization realizes reg.5
amorphization realizes
10
CONCLUSIONS

• There are some encouraging examples of
  thermo-stability NMs as applied to turbine blades
  for gas turbines.
• Because the grain boundaries act as sinks for
  radi-ation defects, NMs have good stability
  properties during irradiation and are one of the
  promising can-didates with potential applications
  in the blanket structural component of fusion
  reactors (e.g., W and SiC for ITER), gas-cooled
  fission and fast reactors.
• However, all foregoing examples seem to be only
  first steps and NM applications need in further
  detailed studies.
• THANK YOU FOR YOUR
  ATTENTION
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• The author thank Prof. K.B.POVAROVA (IMET RAS),
  Prof. I.A. Ovidko (IPM RAS) and Prof.
  I.L.Svetlov (VIAM) for kind help.

11
(No Transcript)
12

• References
• 1. V.U. Gertsman, R. Birringer. Scr. Met. Mater.
  30, 577 (1994).
• 2. J. Weissmuller. Nanostruct. Mater. 3, 261
  (1993).
• 3. R.A. Andrievski, I.A. Anisimova, V.P.
  Anisimov. Thin Sol. Films 205, 171 (1991).
• 4. R. Tanaka. A. Kasama, M. Fujikura et al. In
  Proc. Int. Gas Turbine Congress 2003 Tokio, Nov.
  2-7, 2003. Paper TS-128.
• 5. P. Miao, G. Odette, T. Yamamoto et al. J.
  Nucl. Mater. 377, 59 (2008).
• 6. S.-H. Lee. Scripta Mater. 59, 607 (2008) J.
  Eur. Cer. Soc. ?????(2009).
• 7. M. Trunec, Z. Chlup. Scr. Mater. 61, 56
  (2009).
• 8. T. Shen, Sh. Feng, M. Tang et al.
  Appl.Phys.Lett. 90, 263115 (2007).
• 9. H. Wang, R. Araujo, J. Swanener et al. Nucl.
  Instr. Meth. B 261, 1162 (2007).
• 10. A. Kilmametov, D. Gunderov, R. Valiev et al.
  Scr. Mater. 59, 1027 (2008).
• 11. A. Audren, I. Monnet, Y. Leconte et al. Nucl.
  Instr. Meth. B 266, 2806 (2008).
• 12. H. Kurishita, S. Kobayashi, K. Nakai et al.
  J. Nucl. Mater. 377, 34 (2008).
• 13. D.A. McClintock, M.A. Sokolov, D.T. Hoelzer,
  R.K. Nanstad. J. Nucl. Mater. 392, 353(2009)
• 14. I.A. Ovidko, A.G. Sheinerman. Appl. Phys. A
  81, 1083 (2005).
• 15. T.D. Shen. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 266, 921
  (2008).

13
The time-dependence of grain size at T20oC
for nano Cu samples a porosity 7
b porosity 4 c porosity 3
V.Gertsman, R.Birringer (1,1994)
14
However, the value of fracture toughness (KIC)
of this com-posite is low (2.7 MPam½). The
decrease of grain size could increase the KIC as
was recently observed in the case of ZrO2
ceramics (M.Trune, Z.Chlup 7, 2009)
Sample Rel. density Grain size
KIC HV
() (nm) (MPam½)
(GPa) ZrO21.5Y2O3 99.6
85 15.50.7 11.1
ZrO23.0Y2O3 94.3 850
5.90.2 9.7 The continuation studies
in this topic seems to be very actual

15
HRTEM image of TiN film irradiated
by 12 keV 4He ions with a dose 41016 cm-2
9.