The Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System

• Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones of extremities
• Bones of shoulder and hip joints
• 126 bones

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral girdle (shoulder joint) 4
• Upper extremities 60
• Pelvic girdle (hip joint) 2
• Lower extremities 60

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A. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity
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Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Joint)

• Clavicle
• Scapula

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Clavicle (superior)
Lateral
medial
S-shaped bone
Most frequently fractured bone in the human body
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Clavicle
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Scapula

• Triangle-shaped bone
• Medial, lateral and superior borders
• Superior and inferior angles

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Scapula (anterior)
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Scapula (anterior)
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Scapula (posterior)
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Scapula (lateral)
posterior
anterior
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Glenoid cavity (fossa)
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Coracoid process (anterior)
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Coracoid process (lateral)
posterior
anterior
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Scapular Fossae (3)
Fossa -- a shallow depression
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Scapular Fossae (3)
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The Upper Extremity (Limb)

• Consists of 30 bones
• 1 arm
• 2 forearm
• Remaining in wrist, palm and digits

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The Upper Extremity (Limb)
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The Arm

• Only one bone
• Humerus

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Humerus
Anterior view
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Humerus
Shoulder joint
Anterior view
Fractures often occur at this site
Deltoid muscle attaches here
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Humerus
Anterior view
Epi above

• Condyle a smooth
• rounded surface or
• articular process
• Capitulum (lat)
• 2. Trochlea (med)

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Humerus
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The Forearm

• Two parallel bones
• Ulna radius
• Ulna is medial
• Radial is lateral

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Forearm
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Forearm
lateral
medial
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Ulna
Anterior view
lateral
medial
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Ulna
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Ulna
Anterior view
lateral
medial
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Radius
Anterior view
lateral
medial
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Wrist (anterior)
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Carpals
8 carpals
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Inflammation of tendons and nerve
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Wrist
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Metacarpals
5 metacarpals - palm
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Phalanges
14 phalanges
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The Pelvic Girdle (Pelvis) Lower Extremity
(Limb)
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The Pelvis

• 2 coxae bones
• Sacrum and coccyx

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Coxa

• Left right
• Formed from fusion of 3 bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

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1. Ilium
ASIS
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1. Ilium
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
ASIS
Acetabulum
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2. Ischium
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2. Ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
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3. Pubis
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3. Pubis
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3. Pubis
Pubic arch angle of inferior rami
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Coxa (lateral)

• All 3 bones contribute to acetabulum

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Acetabulum

• Accomodates head of femur

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Pelvic Inlet

• Formed by ilium, pubis and sacrum

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Structural DifferencesFemale vs Male

• Differences in pelvis adapted for child-bearing

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1. Enlarged pelvic inlet in female
male
female
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2. Sacrum doesnt project into pelvic inlet
male
female
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3. Iliac bones flare laterally in female
male
female
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4. Pubic arch wider in female
male
female
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X-ray of Hip Replacement
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Femur

• Only bone of thigh
• Longest bone in body
• Articulates w/
• acetabulum and
• tibia

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Femur
Anterior view
right or left?
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Femur
Anterior view
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Femur
Posterior view
condyles
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Femur Condyles
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Patella
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Patella
anterior
posterior
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Leg Bones

• Two leg bones
• Tibia medial
• Fibula - lateral

lateral
medial
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Tibia
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Fibula
lateral
medial
Tibia articulates w/ femur fibula does not
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Knee Articulation
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Tibia and fibula

• Major weight-bearing bone of leg

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Tarsal Bones

• 7 bones
• talus - articulates with tibia
• Major weight bearing bone of foot
• 2. calcaneous - heel bone

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Tarsal Bones (7)
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Metatarsals (5)
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Phalanges (14)