Europe Faces Revolutions

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Europe Faces Revolutions

• Chapter 8.2

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Clash of Philosophies

• 3 Philosophies
• Conservative Landowners, nobles want
  traditional monarchies

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• Liberal Wealthy merchants, business owners want
  limited democracy
• Radical Believe in liberty, equality, want
  everyone to have the right to vote

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Nationalism Develops

• Nationalism and Nation-States
• Nationalism loyalty to nations of people with
  common culture and history
• Nation-State - nation with its own independent
  government

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• In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain
  are nation states
• Liberals and radicals support nationalism,
  conservatives do not

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Nationalists Challenge Conservatives

• Greek Independence The Balkans region of Europe
  controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s
• Greece gets European help to gain independence
  from Turks

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• 1830s Uprisings are crushed
• Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals launch
  revolutions
• All are defeated leaving conservatives in control

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• 1848 revolutions
• Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the
  Austrian Empire
• Liberals hold power for short time and lose to
  conservatives by 1849

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Radicals Changes France

• Conservatives defeated
• 1830, Frances Charles X fails to restore
  absolute monarchy

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• The Third Republic
• 1848 French mob over throws monarchy and sets up
  republic

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• Radicals split by infighting, moderates control
  new government
• 1848 constitution calls for elected president and
  parliament

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Strong Ruler

• Napoleons nephew, Louis-Napoleon elected
  president, takes title emperor and promotes
  industrialization

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Russian Reforms

• Serfdom in Russia Czars fail to free serfs for
  fear of losing landowners support
• Russia defeated in Crimean War
• Alexander II - czar who is determined to make
  social and economic changes

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Reform and Reaction

• 1861, Czar free serfs, but debt keeps them on the
  same land
• Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881
  and reforms are halted
• Alexander III encourages industrialization

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