Canine Osteosarcoma

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CHELATED MINERALS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
Rajendran, C.Kathirvelan and V.Balakrishnan Madras
Veterinary College Chennai, INDIA
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INTRODUCTION

• Role of Minerals
• 7 macro minerals
• 9 micro mineral.
• Minerals fed to Cattle
• Role as Buffer
• Feed intake
• milk production
• Enhance milk composition
• Sustain health

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• All Physiological Function
• Mineral deficiency occur
• All Livestock Poultry
• May be sufficient amount in diet
• Interaction between minerals
• Presence of Anti nutritional factors
• Phytate
• Oxalate
• Mimosine
• Gossypol

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Extend of mineral absorption in ruminant
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Non-ruminant little higher with mineral

• Factor affecting absorption
• Chemical form Organic, Inorganic
• Other dietary factor pH, Solubility etc.,

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How to increase absorption Complexing inorganic
element with organic compound. This is called
Chelates. Chelates It is a cyclic compound
which is formed between an organic molecule and a
metallic ion. Held with in the organic molecule
as if by a claw. Chelate -Greek word -
Claw Naturally occurring chelates
Chlorophyll's Cytochrome Haemoglobin Vitamin B12
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• Classification of organic minerals
• Metal (specific amino acid) Complex
• Metal Aminoacid Complex
• Metal Aminoacid Chelate
• Mineral proteinnates
• Mineral polysaccharide complex

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Complexation and Chelates
Cu2 NH3 Cu (NH3)2
NH3 (Lewis acid) (Lewis base)
COMPLEX
Cu (NH3)2

• Metalic ion Ligand
  Complex
• complex may be as simple as only one bond
• Or complex contain many bond - Chelates

Metal Complex
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Metal Chelate
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Classification of organic minerals
Metal (specific amino acid) Complex The product
resulting from complexing a soluble metal salt
with a specific amino acid. Minimum metal must be
declared. When used as a commercial feed
ingredient, it must be declared as a specific
metal, i.e copper lysine complex, zinc lysine
complex etc.

• Examples are
• Copper lysine complex
• Zinc lysine complex
• Ferric methionine complex
• Manganese methionine complex
• Zinc methionine complex

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Classification of organic minerals
Metal Aminoacid Complex Product resulting from
complexing of a soluble metal salt (such as
copper or manganese, etc) with an amino acid(s).
Minimum metal content must declared. When used as
a commercial feed ingredient.

• Examples are
• Copper amino acid complex
• Zinc amino acid complex
• Magnesium amino acid complex
• Iron amino acid complex
• Calcium amino acid complex
• Potassium amino acid complex
• Manganese amino acid complex

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Classification of organic minerals
Metal Aminoacid Chelate The product resulting
from the reaction of a metal ion from a soluble
metal salt with amino acids, with a mole ratio of
one mole of metal to one to three (preferably
two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate
covalent bonds. Amino acids molecular weight
must be approximately 150 the chelate molecular
weight must not exceed 800. The minimum metal
content must be declared. When used as a
commercial feed ingredient,

• Magnesium amino acid chelate
• Manganese amino acid chelate
• Zinc amino acid chelate

• Examples are
• Calcium amino acid chelate
• Cobalt amino acid chelate
• Copper amino acid chelate
• Iron amino acid chelate

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Classification of organic minerals
Metal proteinate is the product resulting from
the chelation of a soluble salt with amino
acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein. It
must be declared as a ingredient as the specific
metal proteinate.

• Examples are
• Copper proteinate
• Zinc proteinate
• Magnesium proteinate
• Iron proteinate
• Cobalt proteinate
• Manganese proteinate
• Calcium proteinate

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Classification of organic minerals
Metal Polysaccharide Complex is the product
resulting from complexing of a soluble salt with
a polysaccharide solution declared as a
ingredient as the specific metal complex

• Examples are
• Copper polysaccharide complex
• Iron polysaccharide complex
• Zinc polysaccharide complex
• Magnesium polysaccharide complex

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How to prepare a chelate
By reaction mineral salt enzymatically
prepared Amino acid/ peptide
Controlled condition
Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point
Form Ring
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Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are
Zinc Iron Manganese Cobalt Copper
These are transitional element
It prefer to form co-ordinate covalent bond- a
hybrid form of linkage stable complex
Ca, Mg, k
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Technology for preparation of chelated minerals
Hydrolysis of Protein
Separation by centrifuge and ultrafiltration
Chelation process
Removal of unbound mineral
Drying grinding and storage
Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003
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Chelated minerals...
Factors influencing stability

• Charge / radius
• Neural binder more polar Higher tendency to
  coordinate metal ion.
• Alkaline binder Stabilization by formation of
  covalent bond
• Chelation effect
• Mono dentate less stable
• Multi dentate more stable
• Dimensions of Chelation
• 5 term
• 6 term
• 7. Shape Steric Tension

High stability
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• Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition
• Main Objectives
• Reduction of antagonism, interferences and
  competition among minerals.
• Improve the bioavailability of minerals
• Counteract antinutritional factors, which
  affecting minerals
• Performance improvement
• Health improvement (immune status, functional
  nutrition)
• over all animal welfare
• Improvement in animal produces quality (meat,
  milk, egg, wool etc.,)
• Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on
  vitamins in premixes and feed.
• Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.

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Mode of action Stable in rumen environment
abomasum Delivered in small intestine as
such. Absorbed through active transport (more
blood level) It act as biological complex (more
tissue level) Enter into different
pool Metabolizable in differently(Neathery et al
1972) (Pharmaco-dyanamics nutrient) (using 65Zn)
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Ruminants
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Mineral Amino Acid complex Zinc methionine Zinc
lysine Manganese methionine Iron
methionine Copper lysine Zinc methionine has been
studied greatest extend. Not much research on
zinc lysine iron methionine in ruminants.
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Zinc mehionine Not degraded Remain intact Bind
with feed particle or micro organism So no
insoluble complex Sperars 1989 Semi purifical
diet deficient in zinc ZM compared with zinc
oxide. Absorption similar Metabolized
differently, Zno. Excreted more through urine.
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CONCLUSION

• Chelated minerals usually cost more, per unit of
  metal element, than the same metal in inorganic
  form.
• Historically the argument against chelates was
  that increased use of inorganics was more
  economic than feeding chelates.
• However, there is indication that in some
  situations, chelates can achieve biologic
  endpoints that inorganics cannot.

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• Chelated mineral can be used when more amount of
  antinutritional factor or interference affects
  mineral utilization
• It can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data
  is needed.