Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life

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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life
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____________________ is the chemistry of
______________ the science of the chemical
changes that take place inside of living things.
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What We Will Cover In Chapter 3

• We will define biochemistry
• We will compare organic vs. inorganic chemistry
• We will describe the biochemistry of
  carbohydrates
• We will describe the biochemistry of lipids
• We will discuss natural and artificial steroids
• We will describe the biochemistry of proteins
• We will describe the biochemistry of nucleic acids

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Two Types of Chemistry
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1._____________________________ 2._______________
______________
Compounds that do not contain carbon are called
inorganic compounds and the study of inorganic
compounds is called __________________
Compounds that contain carbon are called organic
compounds and the study of organic compounds is
called __________________
Example______________.
Example________________________.
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Carbon Chemistry
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Remember, carbon is special in that it has 4
available spaces in its outermost electron
______________ (PUT THIS ON BOARD). Therefore,
it wants to share 4 electrons with other
atoms.
These are all examples of organic molecules
called hydrocarbons.
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Remember, Molecules are 3 Dimensional
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Three different ways to depict the structure of a
molecule.
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Biomolecules are Macromolecules
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• Unlike small molecules such as ___________ and
  ________ ___________, macromolecules are
  _____________ and are composed of hundreds,
  thousands and even millions of atoms. The most
  important macromolecules that will be discussed
  in this chapter are
• 1. C________________ sugars, starches,
  cellulose
• 2. L____________ fats, oils, steroids
• 3. P____________ hemoglobin, muscle, enzymes
• N________ A__________
• (DNA and RNA)

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Monomers and Polymers
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Starch (a complex carbohydrate) is just a long
string of simple sugar molecules.
Huge biomolecules are similar to beaded jewelry.
Each bead is a separate, simple, individual unit
but when strung together as a bracelet or
necklace they become a complex, unique and large
functional collaboration.
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CarbohydratesDerivation of Term (Carbon Water
Carbohydrates)Examples of Carbohydrates
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An example of a complex carbohydrate is the
____________ found in these potato chips
An example of a ___________ sugar is
_____________ which is common table sugar.
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Carbohydrates(Structural Characteristics)
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Example _________
Example_____________________
Polysaccharides
Example______________
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CarbohydratesSimple Sugars MonosaccharidesGree
k mono single and sacchar sugar)
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Examples of monosaccharides include glucose which
is the sugar found in honey and fructose found
naturally in fruit. Sugars are the main
___________ molecule used by cells to carry out
the processes of life.
__________________________
___________________________________
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Carbohydrates Sugars DisaccharidesGreek di
two and sacchar sugar)
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Examples of disaccharides include sucrose,
maltose and lactose. ______________is common
table sugar. _______________ is found in
germinating seeds and is used to make beer and
liquor and malt ball candy. _________________,
also called milk sugar is primarily found in
dairy products.
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Carbohydrates Complex Sugars
PolysaccharidesGreek poly many and sacchar
sugar)
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Predators selectively consume the ___________of
their prey due to the high energy glycogen content
___________is a stored form of sugar found only
in plants especially common in potatoes and
grains.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic
compound on ____________and forms plant
structures such as wood and stems. Known as
fiber in the diet and is undigestable by
humans.
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Carbohydrates(Tests for Carbohydrates)
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_________________Test Benedicts
reagent tests for the presence of simple sugars.
When mixed with sugars and heated, the solution
turns a dark orange color.
_____________ Test When iodine reacts
with starches, the solution turns a dark
blue/purple
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Examples of ____________Fats, Oils and Steroids
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Lipids(From the Greek Lipos Fats)
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__________contain twice the energy as
carbohydrates such as starch. Therefore, it
takes a lot of work to burn fat and lose weight
once you have gained it. Remember, however that
_____________ tissue is a normal component of our
anatomy and is useful in moderation.
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Lipids (Fats)
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Fats are composed of molecules known as
Triglycerides. Triglycerides are made up of a
____________ backbone to which 3 fatty acid
_____________ are attached.
Fatty Acid Tail
Glycerol
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Lipids(Saturated and Unsaturated Fats)
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Saturated fats with no double bonds in the fatty
acid tails are straight and stack up to form
___________at room temperature.
_________________ fats contain double bonds and
thus are oddly shaped forming __________at room
temperature.
Saturated fats can form fat deposits in blood
vessels leading to a disease known as
_____________________ increasing the risk of
heart attacks and strokes.
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Lipids (Steroids)
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Steroids are composed of four fused rings built
from cholesterol Sex steroids support
reproductive function examples are
____________________ and testosterone Corticoste
roids regulate metabolism And immune function
Anabolic steroids such as _________________
increase muscle and bone mass


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The Problem With Anabolic Steroids
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Steroids and the reproductive system. Natural
vs. artificial steroids.
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Lipids(Tests for Lipids)
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______________ Test When a lipid
reacts with Sudan IV the oil separates from the
water and bubbles stain red
The ____________ Test When a lipid is
absorbed by paper, the resulting grease spot
is translucent clear.
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Proteins From the Greek Protos Primary
(Examples of Proteins)
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The Human body has tends of thousands of
different proteins to carry out the
__________________ and _________________
requirements of life.
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ProteinsProteins are Composed of Amino Acids
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All proteins are constructed from a common set of
20 _______________ _________. Stringing these
amino acids together results in the formation of
a protein.
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The Primary Structure of Proteins
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The bonds that form between each amino acid in
the string of pearls is called a
P__________bond. The beads on the string form
of a protein represents its primary structure.
Like the 26 _________ in the English alphabet,
the 20 different ________ ________ can be
arranged to form the tens of thousands of
different proteins required for life.
How does the cell know what proteins to make and
how to make them? Simple, the instructions for
making proteins are provided by _____________.
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Beyond the Primary Structure of Proteins Lies
Greater Complexity
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• Primary structure Unique sequence
• of amino acids linked in a chain.
• Secondary structure Spirals and
• sheets emerge when hydrogen bonds form
• between amino acids
• Tertiary structure Further folding of
• the protein provides a three dimensional
• shape
• Quaternary structure Several
• different proteins may join to form a large
• functional unit.

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Denaturation
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_______________________is caused by a change in
the temperature or pH which results in a protein
losing its specific __________ which makes it
non-________________.
Heat added to a raw egg results in a biologically
inactive boiled egg.
A ______________higher than 103 F can lead to
denaturation of proteins and ___________.
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Proteins(Tests for Proteins)
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____________ Test When Biuret reagent
reacts with protein a violet color results.
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Nucleic Acids(Examples of Nucleic Acids)
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Nucleic Acids
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• Nucleic acids are named after their location in
  the cell. They are found in the _____________
  of the cell
• Nucleic acids are information storage molecules
  that provide the directions for building
  __________________.
• There are two types of Nucleic Acids
• Deoxyribonucleic acid - _________________
• Ribonucleic acid __________________
• 4. Within the DNA are discrete sections called
  _______________ that code (provide __________)
  for the amino acid sequences of proteins.

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Nucleic Acids
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How Nucleic Acids Function to Build Proteins
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Wheres the gene ?
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Structure of Nucleic Acids
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The _________________ is the monomer, or
repeating unit that forms the nucleic acid
polymer.
Example of a Nucleotide
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Nucleic AcidsA DNA Nucleotide Monomer
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• A DNA nucleotide consists of 3 parts
• A __________ (deoxyribose)
• 2. A ___________ __________
• A base (A, T, C, or G)
• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________

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The Structure of DNA
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Nucleotide monomers are linked into long chains
known as N_______________ A________________.
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The Famous Double Helix 1953Nobel Prize 1962
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James Watson
Francis Crick
Rosalind Franklin
Maurice Wilkins
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Polymers from Monomers
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When building proteins, carbohydrates, lipids or
nucleic acids __________________ are linked
together to form _______________. You should know
the monomers that are joined together to
construct the (4) fundamental biological
molecules.
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4 Principle Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates Monomers
Function Fats - Monomers
Function Proteins - Monomers
Function Nucleic Acids Monomers
Function
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Thats All for Chapter 3Homework is due ______?