China

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China
AP Comparative Politics
How many people live in China?
This presentation is adapted from Ethel Wood AP
Comparative Government Study Guide
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POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

• Four influences
• Geographical Influences
• Historical Influences before 1949
• Historical Influences of the PRC
• The Political Culture

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GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
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• Largest population by far of any country on
  earth, and its land surface is the third largest,
  after Russia and Canada. 
• Zhongguo, means "Middle Kingdom
• Some of its important geographical features
  include
• access to oceans/ice free ports
• many large navigable rivers
• major geographical/climate splits between north
  and south
• geographic isolation of the western part of the
  country
• mountain ranges, deserts, and oceans that
  separate China from other countries
• These geographic features have shaped Chinese
  political development for centuries. 

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Differences between Mandarin and Cantonese

• Where They Are Spoken
• Mandarin is the official language in Mainland
  China and Taiwan
• Mandarin is one of the five official languages in
  the United Nations.
• Cantonese is mainly spoken in Guangdong and
  Guangxi provinces
• The Differences in the Languages Themselves
• Same written characters with a few exceptions.
• The pronunciation of the two are totally
  different.
• Mandarin has four tones and Cantonese has more
  than six.
• The two are both tonal languages and they also
  have different vowels and consonants too.

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HISTORICAL INFLUENCES BEFORE 1949

• Dynastic rule
• Control by imperialistic nations
• Revolutionary upheavals

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Dynastic Rule

• Some major influences from the dynastic era
  include these principles
• The mandate of heaven  
• A strong merit-based bureaucracy
• Confucianism

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Control by Imperialistic Nations

• Imperialistic nations
• "spheres of influence"
• Resentment of the "foreign devils" that they
  eventually rebelled against.

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Revolutionary upheavals

• Major revolutions occurred in China in 1911 and
  1949, with many chaotic times in between. 
• Three themes dominated this revolutionary era
• Nationalism
• Establishing a new political community
• Socioeconomic Development

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The Legend of the Long March

• The Long March - the 1934-36 pursuit of Mao's
  army across China by Chiang and his supporters. 
• Opposite effect. 
•  
• Mao emerged as a hero of the people, and many of
  his loyal friends on the March lived on to be
  prominent leaders of the People's Republic of
  China after its founding in 1949

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• The Japanese occupied China during World War II,
  but after the war ended, the forces of Chiang and
  Mao met in Civil War, and Mao prevailed.  In 1949
  Chiang fled to Taiwan, and Mao established the
  People's Republic of China under Communist rule.

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THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA - 1949 TO THE
PRESENT

• The People's Republic of China was born from a
  civil war between the Nationalists under Chiang
  Kai-shek and the Communists under Mao Zedong. 
• Mao named his new China the "People's Republican
  of China," and Chiang claimed that his
  headquarters in Taiwan formed the true
  government. 
• "Two Chinas

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Mao in 1949
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The political development of the PRC

• Phases
• The Soviet Model (1949-1957)
• Land Reform.
• Civil Reform
• Five-Year Plans
• nationalize
• collectivize
• socialism.

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The Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

• The Great Leap Forward was a utopian effort to
  transform China into a radical egalitarian
  society.   It's emphasis was mainly economic, and
  it was based on four principles
• All-around development
• Mass mobilization
• Political unanimity and zeal
• Decentralization
• The Great Leap Forward was a big flop. 

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Mao during the cultural revolution
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The Cultural Revolution (1966-1978)

• Political, social and economic change
• Maos main goal was the purify the party and
  the country through radical transformation.
• Remove all vestiges of the old China and its
  hierarchical bureaucracy and emphasis on
  inequality. 
• Mao died in 1976, leaving his followers divided
  into factions
• Radicals
• The Military
• The Moderates

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Deng Xiaoping's Modernizations (1978-Present)

• The Gang of Four
• Zhou's death
• 1978, the new leader emerged - Deng Xiaping. 
• New policies
• "Open door" trade policy
• Reforms in education
•  Institutionalization of the Revolution

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Political Culture

• China's political culture is shaped by the many
  eras of history
• dynastic rule
• control by imperialist nations and its aftermath
• communist rule.

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Dynastic rule

• The political culture inherited from centuries of
  dynastic rule centers around
• Confucian values, such as order, harmony, and a
  strong sense of hierarchy - "superior" and
  "subservient" positions. 
• China has traditionally valued scholarship as a
  way to establish superiority
• Strong sense of cultural identity and a
  relatively high degree of cultural omogeneity. 
• Ethnocentrism

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Resistance to imperialism

• Nationalism
• This nationalism was secured by the Revolution of
  1911, and the hatred of the "foreign devils" has
  led China to be cautious and suspicious in her
  dealings with capitalist countries today.

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Maoism

• Mao Zedong was strongly influenced by Karl Marx
  and Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), but his version of
  communism is distinctly suited for China. 
• He believed in the strength of the peasant, and
  centered his philosophy around these central
  values
• collectivism
• struggle and activism
• mass line
• egalitarianism
• self-reliance

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Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping
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Deng Xiaoping Theory

• - "It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or
  black, as long as it catches mice." 
• The result of his leadership was a dramatic
  turnaround of the Chinese economy through a
  combination of socialist planning and the
  capitalist free market. 
• True to Communist Party

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Participation

• Citizens are subjects of government, not
  participants in a political system. 
• The communist state redefined political
  participation by creating a relationship between
  the Communist party and citizenship, and by
  defining the economic relationship between
  citizens and the government. 
• In recent years popular social movements that
  support democracy, religious beliefs, and
  community ties over nationalism have influenced
  Chinese politics and helped to define China's
  relationships with other countries.

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Political Party

• The CCP is the largest political party in the
  world in terms of total formal membership, with
  about 58 million members at the turn of the
  century.
• Only about 8 percent of those over eighteen (the
  minimum age for joining the party) are members of
  the CCP. 
• Party membership is growing, with new members
  recruited largely from the CCP's Youth League. 
  About 68 million Chinese youths belonged to the
  Youth League by the late 1990s.

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BACKGROUNDS OF PARTY MEMBERS

• Transition in the backgrounds of party members. 
• Cadres were peasants or factory workers, and few
  were intellectuals or professionals. 
• Increasingly "technocratic"
• Today less than 40 percent of party members come
  from the peasantry, although peasants  still make
  up the largest single group within the CCP. 
• The fastest growing membership category consists
  of officials, intellectuals, technicians, and
  other professionals. 
• Women make up only about 20 percent of the
  membership and only about 4 percent of the
  Central Committee.

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A party-sponsored poster showing peasants
listening to Mao's red book as read by a party
member.
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ELECTIONS

• PRC elections
• Party controls
• Direct elections are held at the local level
• 1980s
• Direct, secret-ballot elections at local level.

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NONCOMMUNIST PARTIES

• CCP allows the existence of eight "democratic"
  parties. 
• Membership
• Important advisory role to the party leaders. 
• No independent democratic parties

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GUANXI AND FACTIONS
The picture above commemorates the legendary Long
March of 1934-36 that sealed Mao's place in
Chinese history as a charismatic leader who
brought about great change.  His compatriots
that made the journey with him became known as
the "Old Guard," a group of friends that
networked with one another for many years through
guanxi, or personal connections. 
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Nomenclature

• System of choosing cadres from lower levels of
  the party hierarchy for advancement based on
  their loyalty and contributions to the well-being
  of the party. 
• Patron-client network called guanxi. 
• based on ideology
• the source of factions within the party. 
• pervasive at the local level

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Factionalism

• Splits among the radicals and the reformers and
  the military
• In general, the factions have split in at least
  three ways
• conservatives
• reformers/open door
• Liberals
• Process of fang-shou

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Corruption

• The combination of guanxi and the economic boom
  of the past twenty years has brought about
  rampant corruption within the Chinese economic
  and political system. 
• Bribes are common
• corruption is widely regarded as a major
  problem. 

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JIANG ZEMIN and ZHU RONGJI
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INTERESTS, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, AND PROTESTS
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Control Mechanisms of the Party

• Interest groups and social movements are not
  permitted to influence the political process
  unless they are under the party-state authority. 
  
• Mass organizations formed around occupations or
  social categories
• All-China Federation of Trade Unions,
• All-China Women's Federation. 
• Danwei

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Protest

• Difficult for the party-state to monitor
  citizens.
• Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989
• Major protests have been staged by religious
  groups
• Village protests
• Labor strikes
• Stability issues

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Political Institutions

• CCP CHINESE GOVERNMENT   
  PLA 
• PARALLEL HIERARCHY
• Three parallel hierarchies
• Principle of dual role
• PRC's structure
• China's policy making is governed more directly
  by factions and personal relationships.

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Organization of the CCP

• Organized hierarchically by levels
•  The party has a separate constitution from the
  government's constitution of 1982, and its
  central bodies are
• National Party Congress
• Central Committee
• Politburo/Standing Committee

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Government

• Three branches - a legislature, an executive, and
  a judiciary.
• People's National Congress
• The National People's Congress choose the
  President and Vice President of China, but there
  is only one party-sponsored candidate for each
  position
• Executive/Bureaucracy
• The President and Vice President
• The Premier
• Bureaucracy

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Judiciary

• China has a 4-tiered "people's court" system
• People's Procuratorate"
• Criminal justice system campaigns. 
• Human Rights organizations criticize China

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THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY

• "Political power grows out of the barrel of a
  gun. - Mao
•                                                   
                                             
• The People's Liberation Army encompasses all of
  the country's ground, air, and naval armed
  services. 
• Important influence on politics and policy. 
• The second half of Mao's famous quote above is
  less often quoted
• "Our principle is that the party commands the
  gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command
  the party."  

• This propaganda poster represents life in the
  "Red Army" - the military under Mao before the
  People's Republic of China was formed in 1949.

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Policies and Issues

• Economic reforms
• Demand political power and civil liberties?
• Will contact through trade mean that China will
  become more like their trading partners? 

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Economic Policy

• Agricultural Policies
• The People's Communes
• Household Responsibility System
•  "PRIVATE BUSINESS
• Township and village enterprises (TVEs),

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International Trade

• Hong Kong
• Special Economic Zones (SEZs). 

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Foreign Policy

• FOREIGN POLICY UNDER MAO
• US/CHINESE RELATIONS
• INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS TODAY

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Democracy and Conservatism in China

• FANG-SHOU
• Three types of actions/policies
• economic reform
• democratic movements (letting go)
• tightening-up by the CCP. 

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Political Change Today

• Democratic reforms can be seen in these ways
• Some input from the National People's Congress is
  accepted by the Politburo
• More emphasis is placed on laws and legal
  procedures
• Village elections are now semi-competitive, with
  choices of candidates and some freedom from the
  party's control

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"A good leader should encouragedemocracy and
also be capable of taking resolute action at
criticalmoments." -CCP Chairman Hu Jintao
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Politics Today

• Hu was Chosen as General Secretary of the
  Communist Party of China on November 15, 2002
• Became President of the People's Republic of
  China on March 15, 2003, following his election
  by the National People's Congress, thus replacing
  his predecessor Jing Zemin.
• He is the first party chief to have joined the
  Communist Party after the Revolution over 50
  years ago
• Claims to have a photographic memory and tends to
  have moderate views.

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Links for China Study

• http//teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/crawfor/apcg
  /Unit4china.htm http//www.pds.org/sanderson/ch
  inalinks.htm http//afe.easia.columbia.edu/
• http//www.aasd.k12.wi.us/Staff/salmcurtis/Salm/Ap
  20comparative/China_files/china_notes.htm
  http//athena.prs.k12.nj.us/users/ewood/china/in
  dex.htm

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Terms to Know

• Cadre
• CCP
• Central Committee
• Cultural Revolution
• Democratic centralism
• Deng Xiaoping
• Fragmented authoritarianism
• Gang of Four
• Great Leap Forward
• Guomindang (GMD)
• Hong Kong
• Hundred Flowers campaign
• Jiang Zamin
• Long March
• Mao Zedong
• Maoism
• mass line

National Party Congress National Peoples
Congress Nationalist Party Nomenclatura
system One-child family policy PLA Politburo Rule
by law Socialist market economy State
council Taiwan Tiananment massacre Warlord Zhu
Rhongji
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Discussion Qs 1

• What is the future of China?
• Should US foreign policy be linked to human
  rights, economic development, political
  legitimacy and/or regional politics?
• Discuss the relationship between the Communist
  Party and the government of China.

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Discussion Qs 2

• What is the relationship between the Peoples
  Liberation Army (PLA) and the people of China.
  How was that relationship manifested in the
  Tiananmen Square massacre?
• Explain why Chinese leaders decided that economic
  liberalization should precede political
  liberalization,

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Discussion Qs 3

• From the Chinese perspective, how is the size of
  a governing body related to its power?
• What is political indoctrination? Propaganda?
  Under what conditions do these efforts succeed or
  fail?

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Discussion Qs 4

• What are the arguments for building the Three
  Gorges Dam? Countervailing arguments? What
  groups in China are against this effort and will
  their voices be heard in the new China?
• What would your life be like if you were a
  university student in China?