Akbars successors fractious fracticide

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Akbars successorsfractious fracticide

• Jahangir (1605-27) ??? ???
• ? generally tolerant war against Sikhs
• military expansion across north stymied in
  south
• Khurrans revolt then sibling rivalry gone
  bad
• Shah Jahan (1627-1658)
• ? fighting administration on hold
• architecture indicates the fusion of cultures
  Taj Mahal
• Shahjahanabad (Delhi)
• Peacock Throne
• ? imprisoned by son, 1658

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not looking good

• Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
• ? bested his brothers, imprisoned his father to
  wrest control
• re-asserted sharia law
• BUT
• ? war against the Marathas
• ? Jat and Rajput uprisings

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Aurangzebs final throws

• Shivaje Bhonsle (1627-80)
• remains symbol of
• Hindu power and
• resistance to Mughal rule
• Tara Bai ? regent
• ? political and military leadership
• ??? ??

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• Bahadur Shah (to 1712)
• ? Marathas take Bijapur Peshawar
• ? Sayyid brothers got rid of five mughal
  Emperors
• ? forge political alliance with Marathas in 1718
• Mughals forced to pay tribute
• From 1720
• ? Murshid Quli Khan virtually autonomous in
  Bengal (to 1726)
• ? Nizam-il-Mulk fights and wins virtually
  autonomous in Hyderabad
• ? Punjab in 1713-1726
• ? Awadh in 1726
• And,
• ? English to Calcutta French, Dutch, Portuguese
  in SW
• ? Nadir Shah takes Delhi the Raj

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Early-modern south Asia

• Weak husk? or, lasting pretty well
• the answer justified what comes next

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European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans

• Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration
• motives

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Colonization of the Atlantic Islands

• Cuerta, North Africa
• Madeiras
• Azores Islands
• geopolitical value, and
• investments in sugarcane plantations
• further exploration of west African coast
• geopolitical
• discover cheap labour class trumps
• race initially

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Indian Ocean Trade only the beginning

• 1488 Bartolomeu Dias around Cape of
  Good Hope
• 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama to India and back
• A naus ship in the style of the Gabriel
• May the Devil take thee! What brought you
  hither?

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Mercantilism what a great idea

• ever closer collusion btwn
• the Crown protection of interests
• commercial interests taxes to be spent on
  military/state
• production commercial crops from 13 colonies
• silver from New Spain
• sugar from Caribbean colonies
• fur from northern N. America
• moving goods all goods through the mother
  colony
• Dutch and English specialists

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Real South Asian Power

• various political entities
• Europeans (Dutch, Portuguese, English and
• French)
• urban and landed elite
• Commerce of EIC
• its officials, trading privately on their own
  accounts
• Indian merchants
• British ultimately the new nawabs gtFrench in
  1765 Plassey in 1757

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In Bengal

• nawabs attempted to drive increasingly powerful
• EIC out but unsuccessful the Battle of Plassey
• in 1757
• Clive impeached made at least 400 000 in a
  personal fortune
• Mughals ceded financial administration or diwani
  of Bengal and Bihar in 1765
• expansion to 1765 presented as exceptional
  further expansion was forbidden
• for next forty years the gap between official
  understandings and reality on the ground enormous
  how could this be?
• trade central, and especially country trade

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