Historical Development

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CHAPTER 1

• Historical Development

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Historical Development

• English and Colonial Officers of the Law
• Sheriff
• Derived from shire reeve
• Maintain law and order in the tithings
• In colonial America, the sheriff had to apprehend
  criminals, care for prisoners, execute civil
  process
• Posse comitatus

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Historical Development

• Constable
• In the Middle Ages, the constable collected
  taxes, supervised highways, and served as
  magistrate
• Later limited to making arrests only with
  warrants from the justice of the peace

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Historical Development

• Coroner
• Beginning duties included oversight of the
  interests of the Crown
• Coroners inquest determined cause of death
• In many states in America, the coroner serves as
  sheriff when sheriff is disabled/disqualified
• Debate has centered on qualifications

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Historical Development

• Justice of the Peace
• Criticism over time concerning the office
• By early 20th century in England, had
  jurisdiction over criminal but not civil matters
• In America, JP had jurisdiction over both
  criminal and civil cases
• Modern-day complaint is that JP is in collusion
  with the police

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Historical Development

• The Old English System of Policing
• About 900A.D., common citizens were responsible
  for law enforcement
• After the Norman Conquest of 1066, the
  frankpledge system was established
• Constable became the first police official
• The job was unpaid and not wanted by many
• Corruption of the justice of the peace

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Historical Development

• Policing in Colonial America
• Early colonists were not involved in crime often
• Early violations were of a moral obligation
• Law enforcement was given a low priority
• Problems occurring in the middle to the late 18th
  century brought about a need for formal policing

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Historical Development

• Legacies of the Colonial Period
• Policing was local rather than centralized
• Republicanism
• Neighborhood groups have input into crime control
• Provided the framework for policing for the next
  two hundred years

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Historical Development

• Onset of the theory of crime prevention
• Henry Fielding
• Severity of punishment does not deter crime
• The criminal code should deal with the origins of
  crime
• John Fielding
• Bow Street Runners
• Patrick Colquhoun
• Focused on police reform
• Wanted a system of paid police officers
• Proactive policing

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Historical Development

• Reform in England and America 1829-1860
• Urbanization and industrialization
• Sir Robert Peel
• Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
• Policing Comes to the United States
• 1840s

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Historical Development

• Early Issues and Traditions
• Uniforms
• Carrying of arms
• Use of force
• Attempts at Reform
• Viewed with suspicion by citizens
• Political patronage
• No lateral movement from one department to
  another
• Hostile interaction between citizens and police

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Historical Development

• Increased Politics and Corruption
• Ethnic and religious disputes in many departments
• Strong political influences
• Police corruption

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Historical Development

• On the American Frontier
• Responsibility for law enforcement
• Private citizens
• Posse
• Vigilante committees
• Federal marshals
• Vigilantes tended to disappear
• Primary responsibility was in civil matters
• Theft of mail, crimes against railroad property,
  murder on federal land
• Businessmen
• Town police officers

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Historical Development

• The Movement Toward Professionalization
• Early 19th century
• Reject political involvement and create civil
  service systems to eliminate patronage
• Most autonomous agencies in urban government
• Goal of controlling crime

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Historical Development

• Scientific theory of administration
• Frederick Taylor
• Emphasis on production and unity of control
• Police should enforce laws and make arrests
• Discretion was limited
• Special units handled special problems

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Historical Development

• The Era of August Vollmer
• Town marshal in Berkeley, California
• Discovered modus operandi
• Police school

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Historical Development

• Hired full-time criminalist in charge of lab
• Entire patrol operating out of automobiles by
  1917
• Hired college students
• Created the first radio car
• Police should function as social workers

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Historical Development

• Community policing and problem-oriented policing
• Crime Fighter Image
• Gained popularity in the 1930s
• O. W. Wilson
• Social work aspects gone
• Professional model of policing
• Wickersham Commission
• Replaced the National Crime Commission
• First national study of crime and criminal
  justice

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Historical Development

• Police as the Thin Blue Line
• Movement toward professional crime fighters
• William H. Parker
• LAPD chief in 1950
• Administrative reorganization
• Higher standards

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Historical Development

• Physical fitness, intelligence, scholastic
  achievement
• LAPD became the model for reform across the
  nation
• This was the turning point in the history of
  professionalism
• Conceived of the police as a thin blue line,
  protecting society

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Historical Development

• Opposed any restrictions on police methods
• The Bill of Rights was not absolute
• Evidence illegally obtained should still be used
• This brand of professionalism lacked public
  support

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Historical Development

• A Retreat From the Professional Model
• Social upheaval of the 1960s
• Few inquiries concerning police functions
• Tendency for police to resist outside scrutiny
• Few thought there was need to challenge the
  traditional methods of operation

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Historical Development

• Five national studies focused on police practices
  during the 1960s and 1970s
• Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and the
  Administration of Justice (1967)
• National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
  (1968)
• National Commission on the Causes and Prevention
  of Violence (1968)

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Historical Development

• Presidents Commission on Campus Unrest (1970)
• National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice
  Standards and Goals (1973)
• Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and the
  Administration of Justice, known as the
  Presidents Crime Commission
• Provided the impetus to return the police to the
  community

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Historical Development

• Recommended hiring more minority members
• Better educated officers
• Better screening processes
• Providing preservice training for new recruits
• Caused a return to the same principles of Sir
  Robert Peel

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Historical Development

• Community-Oriented Policing and Problem-Solving
  Era
• Team policing
• Restructure police departments
• Improve police-community relations
• Enhance officer morale
• Facilitate change within the police organization

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Historical Development

• Team policing failed because
• Experiments were poorly planned
• Officers were not sure what to do
• Mid-management personnel felt threatened and did
  not support the effort

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Historical Development

• Factors influencing the start of COPPS
• Focus on crime fighting
• Increased cultural diversity
• Increased violence in our society
• Scientific view of management
• Concern of civil rights violations
• Emphasis on organizational change

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Historical Development

• The Three Generations of COPPS
• Innovation
• From 1979 to 1986
• Foot patrols, problem-solving methods, community
  substations
• Diffusion
• 1987 through 1994
• Use of appropriate research methodologies

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Historical Development

• Institutionalization
• 1995 to present
• Widespread implementation of COPPS
• Federal grant money
• Youth firearms, gangs, domestic violence