Presence, Explicated Lee, K' M' 2004

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Presence, Explicated Lee, K. M. (2004)

• Winson Peng
• Ph.D. Candidate
• enwinson_at_cityu.edu.hk

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Introduction

• Media is the extension of human sense (McLuhan,
  1964).
• How do you feel in the mediated reality?
• Do you feel physically present when participating
  a videoconference?
• Have you talked with Michael Scofield when
  watching Prison Break?
• Have you identified yourself as a gunman when
  playing Counter-strike?

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Problems with Existing Conceptualization on
Presence

• Diverse Labels
• Telepresence
• Virtual Presence
• Mediated Presence
• Presence
• Convergent and Discriminant validity of Virtual
  Experience
• Inconsistence in definition of three types of
  presence
• Physical
• Social
• Self

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Presence-related Terms

• Telepresence (Minsky, 1980)
• Physically transported to a remote place via
  teleoperating systems
• Virtual Presence (Sheridan, 1992)
• Presence in a virtual environment with virtual
  reality technology
• Mediated Presence (Biocca et al., 2001)
• Confined to the realm of mediated perception

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Presence in the paper

• Distinctions between telepresence, virtual
  presence, and mediated presence are futile
• Distinction between mediated presence and natural
  presence is futile
• Presence is NOT technology-specific.

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Previous Conceptualization of Presence

• Subjective or objective social richness
• Perceptual or social realism
• Transportation of self, place, or other selves
• Perceptual or psychological immersion
• Social Interaction with an entity within a medium
• Social interaction with a medium itself

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Re-defined Presence

• A psychological state in which the virtuality of
  experience is unnoticed.
• Avoidance of normative judgment
• Generalizability not confined to mediated
  perception

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Typology of Human Experience
Field of Presence Research
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Three Levels of Virtual Experience
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Two ways of Virtual Experience

• Experience of para-authentic objects which is
  mediated or made by technology.
• Authenticity mainly depends on prior cognition of
  the valid connection between virtual and actual
  objects.
• Experience of artificial objects which is created
  or simulated by technology.
• Artificiality is NOT fixed.
• Presence occurs when users are unconscious of the
  existence of para-authentic or artificial objects

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Further Re-defined Presence

• A psychological state in which virtual
  (para-authentic or artificial) objects are
  experienced as actual objects in either sensory
  or nonsensory ways.
• More sophisticated explication
• Easy operationalization
• Considering the cases of both low-tech and
  high-tech media

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Domains of Virtual Experience
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Typology of Virtual Experience
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Previous Typologies of Presence

• Personal Social Environmental (Heeter, 1992)
• Physical Social Self (Biocca, 1997)
• Subjective Objective (Schloerb, 1995)
• Limitations
• NOT applicable to low-tech media such as TV
• NOT Mutually Exclusive

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Proposed Typology of Presence
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Research Needed

• Operationalization of presence
• Multi-method measurement of presence
• Role of the presence
• Outcome what causes presence with what extent
  in what direction?
• Antecedent Presence causes what with what
  magnitude in what direction?
• Mediator or Moderator The relationship between
  violent game and violent behavior can be
  moderated by the degree of presence?

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• QAThank you!