Kingdom Fungi

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Kingdom Fungi
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(No Transcript)
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Fungi

• Found everywhere (forests, water, air, basements,
  between toes).
• Decomposers eat dead or decaying organic matter

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Characteristics

• Like plants, most anchor in soil
• Most (except yeast) are multicellular
• Most reproduce sexually
• Heterotrophic

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Structure of Fungi

• Fungi have thread-like filaments that develop
  from spores

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The filaments spread out into huge networks of
fibers
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Feeding Relationships

• Fungus feed in three ways
• Saphrophytic decomposers
• Parasitic take nutrients from a host
• Mutualism both species benefit

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Saprophytic decomposer

• The saprophytic fungus breaks down and consumes
  decaying or rotting organic matter

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Parasitic Fungus

• Penetrate host and steal nutrients

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Mutualistic Fungi

• Mutualism association between species in which
  both species benefit
• Two examples
• Mycorrhiza
• Lichens

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Mycorrhizae

• Fungus on roots helps plant reach nutrients and
  water.
• Plant provides fungus with nutrients

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Mycorrhizae

• 80 90 of all plants have mycorrhizal
  relationship with fungi
• Indian pipe no chlorophyll or photosynthesis
  needs mycorrhizae for nutrients energy

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Lichens

• Mutualism between fungus and bacteria.
• Photosynthetic bacteria grows on fungus and
  provides it with food.
• The fungus provides water and minerals absorbed
  from rain and air.

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How are fungi harmful to humans?

• Can cause disease (directly or indirectly)
• Cause disease in plants or animals that we rely
  on for food
• Cause rot or contamination of food
• Destroy almost all types of manufactured goods
  (except plastics and pesticides)

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Household Molds

• Long term water damage can lead to fungus (mold)
  that releases mycotoxins (toxic spores)

• This can cause flu-like symptoms, lung damage, or
  even death

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Fungal Infections of the Skin

• Jock itch intense burning/itching in groin area
  due to warm/moist conditions
• Athletes feet moist/warm feet leading to dry,
  flaky, itching, and burning between toes
• Ringworm fungal infection that spreads out from
  initial infection, producing ring on the skin.
  Produces itching, redness.

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Fungus in Plants

• Chestnut blight a fungal infection that has
  virtually eliminated the American Chestnut Tree
• Fungal infections in crops (wheat, barley,
  tobacco, bananas) significantly reduce yields

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Food Fungus (Zygote Fungus)

• Bread mold occurs when a mold spore lands on
  bread and grows into mycelium

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Fruit Mold

• White mold in strawberries
• Blue or blue-green mold in tree-borne fruit
• Caused by spores in air landing on and growing on
  fruit

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My Foot Fungus Author unknown

• I'm growing fungus on my feet.To tell the truth,
  it's kinda neat.I grew it for my science
  class.It's got so big, I'm bound to pass.
• But it's not easy growing mold.You must keep it
  dark and from the cold.Put your socks on when
  they're wet,And feed your fungus lots of sweat

• It's been a month since I last showered,And
  because of this, it's truly flowered.It's
  amazing just how fast it grows.You've never seen
  such fuzzy toes!
• It has the most delightful hue.It's sorta green
  and sorta blue.But there are drawbacks to its
  fungal riches.You won't believe how much it
  itches.And the smell is gross, I have to
  say.But it's worth it all to get an "A''.

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Beneficial Fungi

• Fungi recycle important elements back into
  ecosystem (nitrogen, carbon)
• Fungi can be eaten
• Fungi are used to make foods drinks
• Fungi are used as antibiotics medicine
• Mutualistic fungi

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Fungi in the Ecosystem

• As decomposers, fungi break down matter in the
  soil make it available for plants to use

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Fungi used to Make Foods

• Fermentation of fungi (particularly yeast) is
  used in making food drinks
• Blue Cheese
• Brie cheese
• Vinegar
• Wine/beer
• Soy sauce 

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Fungal Medicines

• Antibiotics (treats bacterial infection)
• Penicillin
• Cephalosporin
• Cyclosporin (immune suppressant)
• Used after transplants to prevent rejection
• Statins
• Remove harmful cholesterol from arteries
• Reduces risk of heart disease/stroke

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Magic Mushrooms (Shrooms)

• Originally used by Native Americans over 1000
  years ago

• Have a psychoactive affect (out of body feelings,
  color/spatial distortion, visual and auditory
  hallucinations)
• Like LSD, but shorter duration

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Edible Fungi

• Some are found in the wild, others are cultivated

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Morels

• Used in french dishes

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Truffles

• Allegedly an aphrodisiac
• Distinctive, alluring smell

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White Button Mushrooms

• Most popular and well-known

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Shiitake Mushrooms

• Healing properties
• Used by Chinese to boost immune system
• Antioxidant that lowers cholesterol

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Portabello Mushrooms

• Large mushrooms used as a meat substitute by many
  vegetarians

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• STOP

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• Lichens are often the first living organism to
  colonize a barren area because they only need
  water, air and sunlight to live.

• Lichens also are excellent indicators of
  pollution, because air pollution kills fungus.

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• In some fungus, specialized hyphae grow away
  from mycelium and form a spore-producing
  structure called a sporangium which is like a sac
  or case.

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• Spores are produced in the sporangium.
• Spores are then transported to new locations by
  the wind.
• Each spore will become a new fungus.

• Various spores produced in sporagium

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Sexual Reproduction

• Fungi are classified according to their method of
  sexual reproduction.
• Sexual reproduction is very complex in fungi, so
  we will skip it unless you want to go into the
  details.

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Yeast

• Yeast are anaerobes (dont need oxygen) which use
  fermentation for energy.
• Some yeast are used to make beer and wine because
  they create ethyl alcohol while fermenting.
• Others are used in baking because they release
  CO2 during fermentation, helping the bread to
  rise.

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Life Cycle of a Mushroom

• The spores produced in the basidia are released
  and translocated by the wind to a new location.
• The spores land and germinate (grow).
• The hyphae of each new fungi fuses with another,
  forming a button mushroom.
• The button will grow into a new mushroom and
  produce spores.

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Life Cycle of a Mushroom
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Types of Fungi

• Fungi have four phyla (based on reproductive
  strategies)
• Zygote fungi
• Sac fungus
• Club fungi
• Non-sexual fungi

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The Zygote Fungi

• Includes the bread molds

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Structures

• Spore lands on bread and grow into mycelium

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Sac Fungi

• Largest division (30000 species).
• Spores develop in sacs.

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Types of Sac Fungus

• Blue-green, red, and brown refrigerator mold

• Morels and truffles (foods)
• Yeast

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Club Fungi

• Have club-shaped filaments

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Mushroom and other Club Fungi

• Above turkey tail fungus, Right bracket fungus

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Mushrooms

• Structures
• Roots anchor the mushroom in soil
• Stipe stalk
• Cap top.
• Gills On the underside of the cap.
• Basidia inside gills (where spores are produced)
  

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Non-sexual fungi

• Above penicillin
• Below ringworm

• Reproduces asexually
• Includes
• Penicillin
• Blue cheese and soy sauce fungus
• Ringworm
• Athletes foot.