Ramsoc:

1
Ramsoc
Grade 2 Theory
Aim For a leader to develop the necessary skills
of Advanced Navigation, with Leadership and Group
Management to ensure the safety and enjoyment of
a walking group in the hills.
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Introduction

• Grade 2 is the second session in the Ramsoc
  training programme
• It works as a stand alone training session and as
  a prerequisite for Grade 3 (leadership training)
• You wont necessarily have to lead walks
  afterwards!
• We hope to develop key important leadership and
  navigation skills and inspire you to go on
  further in the training program

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Course Outline

• Leadership and Group Management
• Outdoor safety management
• Accident management
• Advanced navigation

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What is Grade 2

• Grade 1
• Low level walks
• Mainly in the White Peak
• Some easier Dark Peak and Weekend Walks
• Only basic Navigation is necessary
• Walks will normally not exceed 400m above sea
  level

• Grade 2
• Medium level walks
• Rising between 366m and 671m above sea level
• Often leading walks in the Dark Peak and medium
  level walks on weekends

• Grade 3
• High level walks in mountainous areas
• Also includes moorland and regions were it would
  take more than an hour to reach habitation
• Walks include those in Snowdonia, Lake District
  and The Yorkshire Dales

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Introduction

• Today's Training Team
• Tom Blann Mountain Leader Trained, Club
  President
• Graham Parkes ML Trained, Past Ramblesec
• Will Swales ML Trained, Ramblesec
• Mike Slevin ML Trained, Safety Officer

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management

• Learning Objectives for part 1 (Leadership and
  Group Management)
• By the end of part 1 participants will be able
  to
•  
• Answer the question, Why be a leader?
• Understand the Philosophy of leadership
• Manage the leadership dilemma
• Identify the roles and responsibilities of a
  Ramsoc walk leader
• Understand their Duty of Care
• Identify and understand different leadership
  skills
• Identify and understand different leadership
  styles
• Appropriately use tools for conflict management

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Why be a leader?

• Discuss in pairs or small groups
• Think - What motivates people to lead?

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Why be a leader?

• Rewarding application of personal skills to
  benefit others
• Give something back to the club
• Further develop your personal skills i.e.
  leadership, navigation
• Meet people and get more out of the club because
  of increased involvement
• Get to choose lunch breaks!

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Philosophy
The group should be helped to lead itself as
far as it is judged capable of safely doing so.
Eric Langmuir
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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Philosophy

• Examine your motivation
• Be systematic, prepared make conscious
  decisions
• Learn from others and your own experiences
• Develop your skills

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Dilemma

• Maintain balance between controlling safety and
  facilitating enjoyment

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Dilemma
Very enjoyable but very unsafe
E N J O Y M E N T
Both enjoyable and safe
Very safe but dead boring
SAFETY
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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Roles and Responsibilities

• In pairs or small groups identify what you
  believe to be the Role of a Ramsoc leader
• In pairs or small groups identify what you
  believe to be the Responsibilities of a Ramsoc
  leader

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Roles and Responsibilities

• The Role of a walk leader will vary depending on
  the situation theyre in
• Typically roles will include
• Information or Opinion giver
• Motivator
• Co-ordinator
• Communication helper
• Listener
• Standard setter
• Decision maker
• Navigator

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Roles and Responsibilities

• The Responsibilities of a walk leader should
  always be present
• Your responsibilities as a Ramsoc walk leader
  will include
• Setting Standards
• Ensuring the safety and well being of the group
• Route planning
• Encourage group cohesion
• Teach skills
• Get your group from A to B
• Adapt to different situations
• Maximising your groups enjoyment

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Roles and Responsibilities

• As a walk leader you also have a responsibility
  to different groups of people
• To Ramsoc
• To the Group
• To Individual group members
• To Yourself
• To the Public (Other walkers, Farmers etc.)
• To the Land

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Duty of Care

• A common law duty not to injure our neighbours
  by our negligent acts or omissions
• Level of care owed depends on you and their
  skills, knowledge experience of the activity
• Requires you to act as a reasonable person
• Financial protection against claims from SU under
  public liability Insurance
• Ramsoc is here to support you and only asks that
  you do your best

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Skills

• Hard Skills practical, activity specific
  skills
• Soft Skills transferable skills from other
  walks of life that concern people and interaction

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Hard Skills

• Route planning
• Navigation techniques
• Weather forecasting
• Fitness
• Equipment selection
• These can be taught / learnt and improve with
  practice

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Soft Skills

• Insight
• Empathy
• Perception
• Communication
• Being able to listen
• The skills tend to be inherent in individuals and
  develop with experience

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Styles

• Leadership Styles
• What Leadership Styles can you come up with?

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Styles

• Leadership Styles
• Three main types of leadership
• Autocratic
• Democratic
• Subconscious control / Consensus

• All three may be useful, but will probably be
  needed at different times
• As well as there main types of Leadership there
  are many different leadership characteristics

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management

• Leadership Characteristics
• What Leadership Characteristics can you come up
  with?

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management

• Leadership Characteristics
• Consensus / Delegative
• Authoritative
• Stoic
• Motivational
• Inspirational
• Performance driven
• Task Orientated
• Confident
• Compassionate
• A listener
• Supportive
• Behaviour orientated
• And many more

Typically some of these are more likely to be
gender specific although this is not always the
case
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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Techniques

• Leadership Techniques
• Communication
• Effective communication is very important as a
  leader
• It is important to be clear and concise when
  talking to the whole group
• Equally a good leader should feel at home talking
  to individuals as they do talking to a group
• Different tones of voice can be a useful tool in
  different situations, e.g. happy, serious,
  motivational, persuasive

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Leadership Techniques

• Leadership Techniques
• Body language
• As important as verbal communication is body
  language
• Body language can be very expressive
• Body language is often subconscious
• People will more often than not pick up and
  believe your body language more than they will
  your voice
• It is important to remember this especially in
  instances were you are unsure or uncomfortable
  with a situation
• It is also a useful tool to be able to read
  others body language

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Conflict Management

• What is Conflict Management?

• Conflict Management is the way in which a leader
  deals with problems that arise either between
  another leader and themselves or within
  individual members of the group.

• How do conflicts arise?

• People are more likely to experience conflict
  when they are tired, experiencing extremes in
  temperature or are hungry

• Conflicts may arise if there is a disagreement
  over the choice of route

• If two or more people have a clash in personality

• And ultimately conflict can occur from out of
  nowhere and over some of the most trivial things

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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Conflict Management

• What techniques can be used to manage it?

• Communication
• Vote
• Taking time out
• Removing someone form the group temporarily
• Tackling the route cause of the conflict
• Identifying different solutions
• Being diplomatic
• Explore different avenues and different
  possibilities
• Comedy

• Ultimately prevention is better than cure!

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Scenario 1
Scenario 2
You are leading a group on a 12 mile walk in the
Yorkshire Dales, in late Autumn. After 5 miles
one person says they want to turn back. What do
you do?
A member of your group emotionally freezes on a
tricky step on an exposed ridge walk. The group
is spread out on the ridge. It is May.
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
One person is very confident is getting ahead
of the group. They are being rude about the pace
of the group whenever you stop.
One leader is critical of the other leader in
front of the group. The decision is on route
choice off a summit in the Brecon Beacons.
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Session 1 Leadership and Group Management
Summary

• Be aware of your responsibilities
• Be realistic about your capabilities preferred
  leadership style
• Get to know other leaders styles and abilities
• Use insight and observation to anticipate
  situations
• Adapt leadership style to the situation
• Control the decision making process
• Avoid conflict but dont ignore it
• Use your judgement

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management

• Learning Objectives for part 2 (Outdoor Safety
  Management)
• By the end of part 2 participants will be able
  to
•  
• Understand the differences between G1, G2 and G3
• Identify the Activity Characteristics of
  different levels of Ramsoc walks
• Comprehend the Accident Dynamic Concept and
  Accident Potential
• Identify Human and Environmental Hazards
• Manage the likelihood of accidents occurring
  through the use of the traffic light system
• Fully understand Ramsoc Procedures
• Equip themselves and the group suitably
• Know where to get a reliable weather forecast and
  how to interpret it

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Grade 1 vs Grade 2

• Grade 1
• Low level mostly White Peak walks, never very
  remote, mostly paths and lanes, relatively flat
• e.g. Manifold Valley, Dovedale, Monsal Dale,
  Bakewell, Sherwood

• Grade 2
• Medium level, between 1200 2200ft above sea
  level. Mostly Dark Peak, with less navigational
  features and fewer options for escape
• e.g. Kinder, Bleaklow, Roaches, Edges, Ladybower,
  Castleton

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Grade 1
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Grade 2
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Grade 3
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Activity Characteristics

• Height, distance remoteness
• Movement over different terrain
• Human environmental hazards
• Weather, exposure escape routes
• Route finding descent

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Accident Dynamic
Hazard something with the potential to cause an
accident
The effect of combining environmental hazards and
human hazards multiplies the accident potential
(risk) rather than simply being additive.
2 Environmental Hazards 2 Human Factor Hazards 4 times higher Accident Potential
4 Environmental Hazards 4 Human Factor Hazards 16 times higher Accident Potential
Reduce accident potential by reducing/eliminating
hazards to prevent human environmental hazards
combining.
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Accident Potential

• Hazard
• Something with the potential to cause an incident
• Accident Potential
• No. of human hazards multiplied by no. of
  environmental hazards

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Environmental and Human Hazards

• In pairs or small groups identify
• Human Hazards likely to be encountered on the
  hill
• Physical Hazards likely to be encountered on the
  hill

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
A practical risk management system
The green stage consists of planning, research
and training thus minimizing unexpected problems
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
A practical risk management system
The amber stage is the ongoing process,
anticipating or reacting to changing
circumstances. This will include navigation
skills, changing levels of supervision,
appropriate use of safety equipment and revision
of route choice
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
A practical risk management system
Finally the red stage consists of the worst
scenario dealing with incidents and accidents.
This can include first aid, emergency evacuation,
use of emergency equipment and, if necessary,
calling for outside assistance
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
A practical risk management system
Finally the red stage consists of the worst
scenario dealing with incidents and accidents.
This can include first aid, emergency evacuation,
use of emergency equipment and, if necessary,
calling for outside assistance
The amber stage is the ongoing process,
anticipating or reacting to changing
circumstances. This will include navigation
skills, changing levels of supervision,
appropriate use of safety equipment and revision
of route choice
The green stage consists of planning, research
and training thus minimizing unexpected problems
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
A practical risk management system
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Club Procedures

• Ramblesec provides Walk Sheets
• Safety Officer provides Weather Forecast
• There will always be the correct number of
  leaders to participants
• There will always be a qualified first aider
• Group Equipment is provided
• Ethos in Hill walking and Mountaineering of self
  sufficiency
• If you believe the walk will be late alert the
  Ramblesec
• Club will call out MR after 1hr and 10mins for
  every hour the walk was expected to take

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Equipment
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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Weather Forecasts

• Recommended Sources
• MWIS
• Met Office
• Paper
• T.V.
• Radio
• How to interpret the forecast

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Session 2 Outdoor Safety Management
Summary

• Be aware of potential environmental and human
  hazards in the activity
• Be aware of how hazards can interact, and the
  consequences of this
• Use this information and a flexible approach
  (leadership techniques, experience, being
  prepared) to reduce the potential for accidents

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Any Questions?
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5 Minute Break
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Session 3 Accident Management

• Learning Objectives for part 3 (Accident
  Management)
• By the end of part 3 participants will be able
  to
•  
• Identify the style of leadership necessary in an
  Accident Management Situation
• Understand and use both the Accident Flowchart
  and the Evacuation Flowchart and in due course
  recall them correctly
• Understand what Hypothermia is, Identify and
  diagnose the symptoms of Hypothermia and know
  best how to treat them
• Understand what Hyperthermia is, Identify and
  diagnose the symptoms of Hyperthermia and know
  best how to treat them
• Feel confident in dealing with some more commonly
  occurring emergency situations
• Acknowledge and understand the Official Ramsoc
  Emergency Procedures

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Session 3 Accident Management
Leadership Style
Authoritarian or Authoritarian or
Authoritarian, or if you prefer Authoritarian
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Session 3 Accident Management
Accident Flowchart Evacuation Flowchart
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Session 3 Accident Management
Hypothermia / Exposure
THE CORE
Brain Lungs Heart Vital Organs 37C
THE SHELL
Limbs Skin Fat Muscle 5-10 C lower than the core
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Session 3 Accident Management
Causes of Hypothermia

• Cold
• Wind chill
• Wet clothing
• Health
• Exhaustion
• Surface area
• Immobility

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Session 3 Accident Management
Symptoms of Hypothermia

• Shivering, cold skin, blue lips, erratic or
  lethargic behaviour, slowing down, loss of vision
  (serious), stopping shivering (serious),
  personality changes (umbles)?

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Session 3 Accident Management
Symptoms of Hypothermia

• 37C - normal body temperature
• 35C - shivering, looks/feels cold
• 34C - change in personality
• 33C - shivering stops, drowsy
• 32C - limbs stiffen up
• 31C - becoming unconscious
• 30C - fixed dilated pupils
• 29C - pulse irregularity
• 24C - DEATH

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Session 3 Accident Management
Treatments for Hypothermia

• Needs to be prompt
• Shelter
• Rewarming
• If condition worsens, GET HELP
• Remember when one group member has hypothermia
  the rest will follow

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Session 3 Accident Management
Hyperthermia

• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke (more serious)

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Session 3 Accident Management
Symptoms of Hyperthermia
Heat exhaustion - Loss of energy, nausea, thirst,
light-headedness, increased pulse. Skin still
moist
Heat stroke - No sweat, high temperature,
unconsciousness, confusion many symptoms
similar to hypothermia
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Session 3 Accident Management
Treatment of Hyperthermia
- Avoidance is key - Keep well hydrated, Wear
loose, light clothing, Suncream, Sunhat -
Rehydration
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Session 3 Accident Management
Scenarios
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
You and your partner are leading a mixed ability
group of 7 along a narrow path that traverses
between some crags at 600m altitude in the lee of
the mountain. It is February and you started 90
minutes ago at 1000. You notice several people
scrambling above you. You hear a shout and one of
the scramblers tumbles past your group stops on
a ledge 4 metres below you.
You and your partner are leading a mixed ability
group of 7 across open moorland. It is a cold
February day you are an 90 minutes from the
4.30pm pick-up. One walker has fallen over is
describing considerable pain in their ankle.
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Session 3 Accident Management
Ramsoc Emergency Procedures

• Firstly it is important to remember that
  emergencys are very rare
• But in the event that one does happen it is
  important you know how to deal with it
• We provide all our trainees with an Accident
  Procedure flow chart and an Evacuation Plan flow
  chart

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Session 3 Accident Management
Ramsoc Emergency Procedures

• It is important that in an emergency you
• Assess the situation and risk
• Assess the human and physical resources available
• Create a plan of action
• Allocate roles
• Use correct Ramsoc procedures

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Session 3 Accident Management
Ramsoc Emergency Procedures

• Be Familiar and confident with
• Choosing the appropriate leadership style
• Knowing which leader does what
• And know the Accident Response and Evacuation
  flow charts

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Session 3 Accident Management
Ramsoc Emergency Procedures

• Club procedures and Mountain Rescue
• Ethos in Hill walking and Mountaineering of self
  sufficiency
• Club will call out MR after 1hr and 10mins for
  every hour the walk was expected to take
• If you believe the walk will be late alert the
  Ramblesec
• MR will take a long time to get to you, if you
  believe it is possible to deal with the situation
  on your own it is best to do so

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Session 3 Accident Management
Ramsoc Emergency Procedures

• Club procedures and Mountain Rescue
• To contact Mountain Rescue
• Diall 999
• Ask for the Police
• Be prepared to give Your name, Phone number,
  Precise location, number and condition of group
  and available equipment
• Do not move from that position unless asked to do
  so by MR or you are forced to do so for safety
  reasons, if you do have to move tell MR

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Session 3 Accident Management
Ramsoc Emergency Procedures

• Summary
• Safety first your own, the groups, the
  casualty
• Assess the situation and neutralise the danger
• Initial plan of action
• First aid /or go for help
• Group management issues
• Get information
• Secondary plan of action
• Evacuation
• Mountain Rescue

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Any Questions?
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10 Minute Break
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Session 4 Advanced Navigation

• Learning Objectives for part 4 (Advanced
  Navigation)
• By the end of part 4 participants will be able
  to
• Use Naitsmiths Rule when undergoing the technique
  of pacing
• Provide and Understand an 8 Figure grid reference
  
• Know how to take a bearing and back bearing
• Use finer navigational techniques such as the use
  of Handrails, Attack points, and catching
  features as well as the ability to aim off, and
  leapfrog.
• Understand and interpret contour lines and
  landforms and how they can be used in navigation
• Understand the technique of relocation
• Identify and understand various search techniques
  and the differences between them
• Make an informed decision on route choice based
  on human and environmental hazards
• Identify other navigational aids such as GPS and
  Altimeters

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Naismtihs Rule

• Works on the principle of it taking 15min to
  travel 1 kilometer
• 1min per 10 meters ascent
• Lots of problems
• Pacing

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Understanding the UK grid system

• A distinctive feature of British maps is the grid
  structure of blue lines superimposed over the
  whole country
• Grid lines form the basis of a numerical
  reference system
• This allows any point to be pinpointed and
  communicated

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Understanding the UK grid system

• Initially the UK is split into squares measuring
  500km2 and denoted by letters

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Understanding the UK grid system

• How to take a 6 figure grid reference
• Identify the 1km square where the object you are
  trying to identify can be found in.
• Establish the Eastings (those lines running from
  West to East) and the Northings (those lines
  running from South to North) remembering that
  when you read a grid reference you go
  horizontally first then vertically (along the
  corridor then up the stairs)
• Imagine the 1km square to be split into 10
  increments
• Locate the smaller square closest to the object
  your are identifying
• Read the grid reference as the intersect in the
  bottom left hand corner of that square

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Understanding the UK grid system
ActivityIn pairs or small groups try taking
an accurate 6 figure grid referenceYou will all
be given a map and asked to give a grid reference
for three different locations or objects, see if
you can accurately identify them
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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Bearnings / Back Bearings

• What is a bearing?

• A bearing is the angle of direction of one object
  or destination from another

• Why might it be necessary to use a bearing as a
  method of navigation?

• Poor visibility

• Lack of other navigational features i.e. On top
  of Kinder

• For reassurance

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Bearnings / Back Bearings

• How to take a bearing
• Find the two points on the map that you want to
  travel from and to. Line up your compass edge
  between the two points, so that your direction of
  travel arrow is pointing to your destination.
• Rotate the compass housing to align the orienting
  lines with the north-south lines on the map
• Rotate the compass housing to compensate for
  magnetic variation
• Remove the compass from the map, rotate the
  compass so that the north end of the needle and
  the orienting arrow are aligned and then proceed
  following the direction of travel arrow

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Bearnings / Back Bearings

• What is a back bearing?

• A bearing taken from an object you can see or
  have passed to deduce your position

• Why might it be necessary to use a back bearing
  as a method of navigation?

• Back bearings are useful when checking your own
  position when moving across country where it is
  difficult to check your position. What you are
  actually checking is your line of travel. They
  can also pinpoint your location if you are
  following a track, river, wall, etc.

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Finer Navigational Techniques
Handrails

• Following a line feature like a fence, wall or
  stream to your destination

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Finer Navigational Techniques
Attack Point

• A large well defined feature near to your
  destination which you can find easily enabling
  you to find your destination

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Finer Navigational Techniques
Aiming Off

• If you're aiming for a specific point on a line
  feature, e.g. a path junction, aiming one side or
  other so that you know which way to turn when you
  reach the feature

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Finer Navigational Techniques
Catching Features

• A clear feature which will catch you, letting you
  know that you've strayed

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Finer Navigational Techniques
Boxing

• Sometimes it may be necessary to make a detour
  around an unexpected obstruction.
• Take a series of 90o and use Pacing

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Finer Navigational Techniques
Leapfrogging

• Difficult to explain
• See demonstration

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Contour Lines and Landforms

• Steepness
• Slope aspect
• Contouring vs direct route

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Contour Lines and Landforms

• Contour Lines
• Join points of equal height above sea level
• Are shown on the map as Brown / Orange lines
• Usually at 10m Intervals but check on the map
• Every 5th line is an index contour and will be
  slightly bolder
• Show inclination of the land as well as slope and
  aspect

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Contour Lines and Landforms

• Contour Lines
• The closer the contour lines are together the
  steeper the slope
• Contours will be marked with their relative
  heights at different intervals
• It is important to identify when a contour is
  showing an incline or decline
• For ridges the point of the V points towards
  lower ground
• For valleys the point of the V points towards
  higher land
• Note usually a stream can be found in a valley

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Contour Lines and Landforms

• Contour Features
• Often you find typical features formed by
  contours such as Ridges, Saddles, Valleys and
  Knolls

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Relocation

• Take back bearings
• Gather Information
• Time
• Last certain location
• Distinctive features
• Slope angle
• Pacing
• Spotting features

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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Searches
Sweep Search
Spiral Search
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Session 4 Advanced Navigation
Route Choice

• Assessing Human and environmental hazards

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Other Navigational Aids

• GPS
• Altimeter

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Any Questions?
Thank You for your participation and we look
forward to seeing you Saturday