Conifers

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Conifers

• The most common gymnosperms
  with more than 500
  known species
• Pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods,
  yews
• Some, like the bristlecone pine tree, can live
  for more than 4000 years
• Others, such as the giant redwood, can grow to
  more than 100 meters in height

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Ecology of Conifers

• Thrive in a wide variety of habitats on
  mountains, in sandy soil, and in cool, moist
  areas
• Leaves have adaptations to dry conditions
• The leaves are long and thin, like pine needles
• This shape reduces the surface area from which
  water can be lost
• Waxy layer also prevents water loss
• Most are evergreens they retain their leaves
  through the year

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Life Cycle of Conifers
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ANGIOSPERMSFLOWERING PLANTS
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AngiospermsFlowering Plants

• Flowering plants first arrived about 135 mya
• Originated on land and became the dominant plant
  life on Earth
• The majority of living plant species reproduce
  with flowers

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Flowers An Evolutionary Advantage

• Attract animals which transport pollen from
  flower to flower
• More efficient than wind pollination of most
  gymnosperms
• Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and
  protect the seeds

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AngiospermsFlowering Plants

• Angiosperm means enclosed seed
• After pollination, the ovary develops into a
  fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its
  dispersal

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AngiospermsFlowering Plants

• Fruit thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed
• Adds to the success of angiosperms
• Animals eat fruit and the seeds enter the
  animals digestive system
• The animal may have traveled far away and can
  spread seeds over hundreds of square km

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Monocots
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Monocots

• Angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon
• Parallel veins
• Floral parts often in multiples of 3
• Stem vascular bundles are scattered
• Fibrous root

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Dicots
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Dicots

• Angiosperm whose seeds have two cotyledons
• Branched veins
• Floral parts often in multiples of 4-5
• Stem vascular bundles are arranged in a ring
• Taproot

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Comparing Monocots and Dicots
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Woody Plants

• Woody plants are made primarily of cells with
  thick cell walls that support the plant body

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Woody Plants

• Trees
• All types!
• Shrubs
• Blueberries, rhododendrons, roses
• Vines
• Grapes and ivy

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Herbaceous Plants

• Smooth and non-woody plants that do not produce
  wood as they grow
• Dandelions, zinnias, petunias, sunflowers

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Annuals

• Flowering plants that complete a life cycle
  within one growing season
• Garden plants, marigolds, petunias, pansies,
  zinnias, wheat and cucumbers too!

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Biennials

• Flowering plants that complete a life cycle in
  two years
• Primrose, parsley, celery, foxglove

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Perennials

• Flowering plants that live for more than two
  years
• Peonies, asparagus, grasses herbaceous
  perennials
• Palm trees, sagebrush, maple trees, honeysuckle
  woody perennials

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AngiospermsFlowering Plants
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Some Drugs Originally
Derived From Plants