Basic Review of Blood Sugar Physiology

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Basic Review of Blood Sugar Physiology
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• Cortisol
  Activation
• Insulin
  Resistance
• 
  Elevated Estrogen In Males
• Decreased TH-1
• 
  Elevated Testosterone In Females
• Increased TH-2
• Decrease SIgA
• Leaky Gut Dysbiosis / Impaired
  Detoxification

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Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Disease

• Insulin
  Resistance
• Elevated HMG-CoA
  Reductase
• Sodium Retention
  
  
• Altered CETR
  Elevated PAI-1
• High BP
  Increased Coagulation
• Decreased HDL
  Elevated Cholesterol

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Insulin Resistance and Andropause Vicious Cycle

• Insulin Resistance
• up-regulate aromatase
• conversion of testosterone to estradiol
• abnormal testosterone estradiol ratio

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Insulin Resistance and PCOS Vicious Cycle

• Insulin Resistance
• up-regulate 17,20 lyase
• increased
  production of testosterone

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ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID METABOLISM
OMEGA-3
OMEGA-6
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (LN) Stearidonic Acid
(SDA) Eiocostatetraendic Acid Eiocaspertaendic
Acid (EPA) Docasahexaenidic Acid
(DHA) Prostaglandin E3 (PG-3)
CiS- Linoleic Acid (LA) Gamma Linolenic Acid
(GLA) Di-Homo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid
? - 6 Desaturase
? - 6 Desaturase
Elongase
Elongase
? - 5 Desaturase
? - 5 Desaturase
Prostaglandins E1 (PG-1)
Aracadonic Acid
Prostaglandins E2 (PG-2)
Leukotrines
? - 4 Desaturase
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ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONE PATHWAYS
Hydroxypregnenolone Hydroxyprogesterone Deoxycor
tisol Cortisol
Cholesterol Progesterone 11 Deoxy Corticosterone
Corticosterone Aldosterone
DHEA Androstenedione Testosterone Estrogen

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Cholesterol
Progesterone
Pregnenolone
17- Hydroxypregnenolone
Etiocholanolone Androsterone Testosterone Est
radiol
17 - Hydroxy Progesterone 11
Deoxycortisol Cortisol Cortisone
Deoxycorticosterone Corticosterone Aldosterone
DHEA Androstenedione Estrone Estriol
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Insulin, Cortisol, Leptin Vicious Cycle

• 
  Decrease Glucose Uptake
• Insulin
  Resistance
• Increased
• Food Intake
  Elevations of CRH
• Elevated Cortisol
• 
  Inflammatory Cytokine Release
• Leptin Resistance
  

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Cortisol/Hippocampus Vicious Cycle

• Hippocampus Cell Destruction
• Elevated CRH
• Elevated ACTH
• Elevated Cortisol

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THYROID METABOLISM
Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid 7 T3 93
T4
TRH
Thyroid Binding Globulin Hepatic
Glucoronidation and Sulfation
Liver
T4 T3 60 Reverse T3 20 T3S and T3AC 20
Iodide
Iodide
Iodine
5 Diodinase
TPO
T3
Gut Mucosa Sulftase
Cellular Messenger RNA
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Development of T Helper Cells

• Immature T Cell (T Helper -0)
• IL-12 IL-4
• TH-1 Lymphocytes TH-2
  Lymphocytes
• IL-2, IFN, TNF IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, I10,
  IL-13
• MACROPHAGES B CELLS
• Cell Mediated Immunity Humoral Immunity

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• IL-1 TNF-ALPHA
  IL-2
• IL-2
  NF-KB IL-6
• IL-4
  IFN
• LIVER
• CRP

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The GI-Liver Connection to Elevated Cholesterol

• intestinal dysbiosis
• endotoxin production of secondary bile acids
• suppression of cholesterol combination with bile
  acids
• Increase levels of cholesterol

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Cardiovascular Disease and GI Dysfunction

• Antigen exposure to GALT
• Increase cortiosl
  Increase inflammation
• Increase aldosterone
• Increase catecholamines Promotes arterial
  palque
• Increase
• Blood Pressure
  Arteriosclerosis
• Intestinal
  dysbiosis
• Endotoxin production of secondary bile acids
  deoxycholate and lithocholate
• Suppression of cholesterol
  combination with bile acids
• Increase levels of cholesterol

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• Food is consumed
• Increase glucose levels in blood
• Uptake into cells Lipogenesis
• Abnormal lipid panel
• Increased potential for
• lipid perioxidation
• Fatty
  accumulation in
• the liver