Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family

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Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)
Habit herbs, shrubs, or occational vines Stems
with vascular bundles in concentric rings Leaves
usually alternate and spiral, simple, sometimes
lobed or dissected, to compound Inflorescence
determinate Flowers usually bisexual, radial to
occationally bilateral, with short to elongate
receptacle Perianth parts usually not 3-merous,
tepals 4 to numerous, distinct or perianth
differentiated into calyx and corolla, then
sepals usually 5, distinct and deciduous, and
petals usually 5, distinct, often with nectar
producing basal portion Stamens numerous,
anthers opening by longitudinal slits Pollen
tricolpate Carpels usually 5 to numerous,
occationally reduced to 1, usually distinct,
ovaries superior, with usually lateral
placentation
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Fruit usually an aggregate of follicles or
achenes. Floral Formula Floral Diagram

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Distribution and Ecology Widespread, but
especially characteristic of temperate and boreal
regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Genera/specie
s 47/2000 Major genera Ranunculus (400 spp.),
Aconitum (250 spp.), Clematis (250 spp.),
Delphinium (250 spp.), Anemone (150 spp.), and
Thalictrum (100 spp.). Economic plants and
products The family is chiefly important for its
numerous ornamental herbs, such as Anemone
(windflower), Aconitum (monkshood), Actaea
(baneberry), Aquilegia (columbine), Caltha (marsh
marigold), Clematis (virgins bower), Delphinium
(larkspur), Helleborus (hellebore), Ranunculus
(buttercup), Thalictrum (meadow rue), and
Trollius (globeflower). A number of genera are
highly poisonous.
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Ranunculus ficaria
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Ranunculus septentrionalis
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Isopyrum biternatum
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Isopyrum biternatum
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Eranthis hymalis
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Eranthis hymalis
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Coptis groenlandica
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Caltha palustris
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Caltha palustris
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Anemone canadensis
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Anemone cylindrica
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Anemone cylindrica
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Anemone americana
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Anemone sp.
Anemone nobilis
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Clematis reticulatis
Clematis virginiana
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Helleborus purpurascens
Hydrastis canadensis
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Aconitum cultivar
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Aquilegia canadensis
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Aquilegia canadensis
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Aquilegia canadensis
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Delphinium ajacis
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Delphinium Streichen
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Delphinium Streichen
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Thalictrum revolutum
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Thalictrum revolutum
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Thalictrum basicarpum
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Papaveraceae (Poppy Family)
Habit herbs to soft-wooded shrubs Stems with
vascular bundles sometimes in several rings,
with laticifers present and plants with white,
cream, yellow, orange, or red sap, or with
specialized elongated secretory cells and sap
then mucilaginous, clear Leaves usually
alternate and spiral, simple, but often lobed or
dissected, sometimes spinose Inflorescence
various Flowers bisexual, radial to
bilateral Sepals usually 2 or 3, usually quickly
deciduous Petals usually 4 or 6, sometimes
numerous, distinct, often crumpled in bud and
thus wrinkled when expanded, often the 2 (or 3)
inner differentiated from the 2 (or 3) outer
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Stamens numerous, to 6 that are connate in 2
groups of 3 Pollen tricolporate to polyporate
Carpels 2 to numerous, connate, ovary superior,
with parietal placentation Fruit a capsule,
opening variously, but often with apical pores,
valves, or longitudinal slits, often with a
persistent thickened replum, seeds somewhat
arillate. Floral Formula
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Floral Diagram Distribution and
Ecology Widely distributed in mainly temperate
regions, especially diverse in the Northern
Hemisphere, but also in southern Africa and
eastern Australia. Genera/species 40/770
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Major genera Corydalis (400 spp.), Papaver (100
spp.), Fumaria (50 spp.), and Argemone (30 spp.).
Genera occurring in the continental United
States and/or Canada include Argemone, Corydalis,
Dendromecon, Dicentra, Eschscholzia, Fumaria,
Papaver, and Romneya, among others. Delimitation
of genera is often difficult. Economic plants
and products Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) is
the source of opium and derivatives such as
morphine, heroin, and codeine the seeds of this
species (which do not contain opium) are used as
a spice. Many have showy flowers and are
cultivated as ornamentals, such as species of
Argemone (prickly poppy), Eschscholzia
(California poppy), Papaver (poppy), Macleaya
(plume poppy), Corydalis (harlequin), Sanguinaria
(bloodroot), and Dicentra (Dutchmans-breeches).
Most species are highly poisonous.
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Argemone albiflora
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Argemone albiflora
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Chelidonium majus
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Stylophorum diphyllum
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Sanguinaria canadensis
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Sanguinaria canadensis
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Eschscholtzia caespitosa
Papaver nudicaule
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Papaver orientale
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Dicentra canadensis
Dicentra specabilis
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Dicentra canadensis
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Corydalis micrantha
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Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink Family)
Habit usually herbs Stems sometimes with
concentric rings of xylem and phloem,
anthocyanins present Leaves opposite, simple,
entire, often narrow, the leaf pair often
connected by a transverse nodal line, and nodes
usually swollen Inflorescence determinate,
terminal Flowers usually bisexual, radial,
sometimes with an androgynophore Tepals 4-5,
distinct to connate, usually appearing to be
sepals true petals lacking but outer whorl of
4-5 stamens very often petal-like, here called
petals, these frequently bilobed, and sometimes
differentiated into a long thin basal portion
(claw) and an expanded apical portion (blade or
limb) separated by appendaged joint
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Stamens 4-10, sometimes adnate to
petals Pollen tricolpate to polyporate
Carpels 2-5, connate, ovary superior, with
free-cental or occationally basal
placentation Fruit usually a loculicidal
capsule, opening by valves or apical teeth,
embryo usually curved. Floral Formula
Floral Diagram
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Distribution and Ecology Widespread, but
especially characteristic of temperate and warm
temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere,
mostly of open habitats or disturbed
sites. Genera/species 70/2200 Major genera
Silene (700 spp.), Dianthus (300 spp.), Arenaria
(200 spp.), Gypsophila (150 spp.), Minuartia (150
spp.), Stellaria (150 spp.), Paronychia (110
spp.), and Cerastium (100 spp.). Numerous native
and introduced genera occur in the continental
United States and/or Canada. Economic plants
and products The family is best known for
ornamentals such as Dianthus (carnations, pinks),
Gypsophila (babys breath), Saponaria (soapwort),
and Silene (catchfly, campion).
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Agrostemma githago
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Agrostemma githago
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Agrostemma githago
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Cerastium glomeratum
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Sagina nodosa
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Stellaria media
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Stellaria media
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Stellaria graminea
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Silene pratensis
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Silene regia
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Silene regia
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Silene regia
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Saponaria officinalis
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Saponaria officinalis
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Lychnis chalcedonica
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Dianthus cv. Parfait Raspberry