The Human Body

1
The Human Body
Unit 1 Preparatory

• CHAPTER 4

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The Human Body

• Positional and Directional Terms
• Body Regions
• Body Cavities
• Body Systems

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Positional and Directional Terms
Midline

• Anatomical position
• References to all body structures describe the
  body in this position.

Medial
Lateral
Left
Right
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Positional and Directional Terms

• Right and leftAlways refer to the patients
  right and the patients left.
• AnteriorThe front of the body
• PosteriorThe back of the body
• MidlineAn imaginary vertical line that can be
  used to divide the body into right and left
  halves
• Toward the midline is said to be medial.
• Away from the midline is said to be lateral.

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Positional and Directional Terms

• Superiormeans toward the top of the head
• Inferiormeans towardthe feet
• ProximalThe structure closest to the point of
  reference is said to be proximal.
• DistalThe structure farthest away is distal.

Mid-axillary line
Posterior (dorsal)
Anterior (ventral)
Superior
Inferior
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Positional and Directional Terms

• Supinelying face up
• Pronelying face down
• Lateral recumbentPatient lying on his side

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Body Regions

• Head
• Cranium
• Face
• Mandible
• Neck
• Upper Extremities
• Shoulder joint
• Arm
• Elbow
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Hand

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Body Regions

• Torso
• Chest
• Back
• Abdomen
• Hips
• Pelvis
• Lower Extremities
• Thigh
• Knee
• Leg
• Ankle
• Foot

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Body Cavities

• There are four major body cavitiestwo anterior
  and two posterior.
• Housed in these cavities are the vital organs,
  glands, blood vessels, and nerves.

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Anterior Cavities

• Chest cavity(thoracic cavity)
• Enclosed by the rib cage
• Protects the major organs
• The lower border of the chest cavity is the
  diaphragm.

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Anterior Cavities

• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Anterior body cavity below the diaphragm
• Abdominal cavity
• Lies between the thorax and the pelvis
• Below the diaphragm
• No skeletal protection
• Most organs in this cavity.
• Blows to the abdomen can cause severe injury.

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Anterior Cavities

• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Protected by the bones of the pelvic girdle
• Houses the urinary bladder, portions of the large
  intestine, and the internal reproductive organs

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Posterior Cavities

• Cranial cavity
• The braincase of the skull
• Houses the brain and its specialized membranes
• Spinal cavity
• Runs through the center of the backbone
• Protects the spinal cord and its specialized
  membranes

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Posterior Cavities

• Abdominal Quadrants
• Contains many vital organs
• The abdominal wall has been divided into four
  quadrants
• Right upper quadrant (RUQ)containing most of the
  liver, the gallbladder, and part of the small and
  large intestine.
• Left upper quadrant (LUQ)containing most of the
  stomach, the spleen, and part of the small and
  large intestine.
• Right lower quadrant (RLQ)containing the
  appendix and part of the small and large
  intestine.
• Left lower quadrant (LLQ)containing part of the
  small and large intestine.

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Body Systems

• Circulatory System
• Moves blood
• Carries oxygen and nutrients to the bodys cells
• Removes wastes and carbon dioxide
• Includes
• The heart
• Blood vessels
• Blood

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Body Systems

• Respiratory System
• Exchanges air to bring in oxygen and expel carbon
  dioxide
• Includes
• Nose
• Mouth
• Throat
• Lungs
• Associated muscles

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Body Systems

• Digestive System
• Digests and absorbs food
• Removes certain wastes
• Urinary System
• Removes chemical wastes
• Balances water and salt levels of the blood

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Body Systems

• Reproductive System
• Produces all structures and hormones needed for
  sexual reproduction
• Nervous System
• Controls movement
• Interprets sensations
• Regulates body activities
• Generates memory and thought
• Includes
• The brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

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Body Systems

• Endocrine System
• Produces hormones that help regulate body
  activities and functions
• Musculoskeletal System
• Provides protection and support for the body
• Permits body movement
• It is made up of
• Bones
• Skeletal muscles
• Tendons
• Ligaments

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Body Systems

• Special Senses
• Sight
• Hearing
• Taste
• Smell
• Sensations of pain, cold, heat, and tactile
  responses

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Body Systems

• Skin
• Protects the body
• Largest organ of the body
• Regulates body temperature
• Senses heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure
• It regulates body fluids and chemical balance

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Body Systems

• Immune System
• White Blood Cells
• Protects the body from disease-causing organisms
• Controls allergies and the bodys reactions to
  certain diseases
• Some immune-system reactions include the body
  attacking itself (autoimmune diseases).

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Summary

• Positional and Directional Terms
• Body Regions
• Body Cavities
• Body Systems