Phil Anderson 1972 "More is Different"'

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• Phil Anderson (1972) "More is Different".
• limitations of representative individual
  mean field / continuum / linear
  way of thinking
• conceptual gaps between various disciplines. -
  accompanying mysteries connected to the nature
  of
  life, intelligence,
  culture

• arise exactly when "More Is Different".
• life emerges from chemistry, chemistry from
  physics, conscience from life, social
  conscience/ organization
  from
  individual conscience etc.

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The Microscopic Representation Method. MICRO -
the relevant microscopic degrees of
freedom         INTER - their fundamental
interactions         MACRO - the macroscopic
emerging collective objects

• Intrinsically interdisciplinary
• Micro belongs to one science
• Macro to another science
• Mechanisms statistical mechanics (?)
  phase transitions, scale
  invariance,
  spontaneous symmetry breaking etc

At 1000 C nothing special happens to one or two
H2O molecules!
or 100 or 1000! How come
that 1 Kg of them behave so dramatically?
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- Microscopic Customers and Macroscopic
Sales      MICRO Customers, products / ideas /
information     INTER purchase, inform, learn,
hear-say MACRO global trends, waves of sales
(e.g. Tamaguchi), hits, flops,
market fluctuations, anomalous diffusion
demarketing
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- Microscopic Investors and Macroscopic Crashes

/Power Laws         
MICRO - Investors, individual capital ,shares    
     INTER - sell/buy orders, gain/loss         
MACRO - social wealth distribution, market price
fluctuations (cycles, crushes,
booms, stabilization by noise)
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-Microscopic Concepts and Macroscopic Ideas MICRO
- concepts, connections between concepts INTER -
creating/deleting/activating connections between
concepts
- Microscopic Seers and Macroscopic Sight MICRO
- motion visual sensors for points and line
elements. INTER - time and space  local data
integration. MACRO - Perception of 3 Dimensional
global structure.
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- Microscopic Picassos and Macroscopic Drawings
MICRO - local line / motion features, mental
states, mental eventsINTER - line breaks and
mind events(changes) vs line/mind inertia.MACRO
- drawing shapes, emergence of representational
meaning
  - Microscopic Doctors and Macroscopic
Health MICRO  - Cells, Enzimes, Antigens,
Antibodies          INTER  - producing,
destroying, changing state of a
cell/enzime,          MACRO  - immunity, health,
infection, sickness, inflamation.

• Microscopic Drivers / police and Macroscopic Jams
• MICRO - cars
• INTER - go ahead/give way at intersections.
• MACRO - traffic flow, jamming self-organization
  useless police

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Microscopic Grimm Brothers and Macroscopic
Stories MICRO persons, relations INTER
change in relations acting MACRO plot, story,
meaning
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Internet study along the
same lines1. physical,2. information flow and
3. emergent / cognitive.
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Microscopic Investors and Macroscopic Crashes M.
Levy, H. Levy and S. Solomon, Economics Letters
45 (1994) 103-111.
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Fundamentalists believe the market will
eventually revert to the fundamental price.
Hence, the price they offer will be determined
by
Chartists, believe in trends they. The simplest
choice for short times is a linear extrapolation
Noise-traders are making random offers at a
price randomly distributed around the current
price.
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L.Muchnick and S.Solomon Physica Scripta, in press
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Newton (after loosing 20 K Pounds in stock
market) I can calculate the motions of
heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.
Market
makersMarket 'spikes' are seen by traders as
freak events.Physicists expect them, Thursday
October 3, 2002  
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Levy, Solomon and Levy's Microscopic Simulation
of Financial Markets points us towards the future
of financial economics." Harry M. Markowitz,
Nobel Laureate in Economics
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How do we see it? A matter of 2 points of
view. Restricted Ability to Recover 3D Global
Motion from 1 D Motion Signals Theoretical
Observations, N. Rubin, S. Hochstein and S.
Solomon, Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Restricted Ability to Recover 3D Global Motion
from 1 D Motion Signals Psychophysical
Observations, N. Rubin, S. Hochstein and S.
Solomon, Vision Research 35 (1995) 463-476.
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• To what elementary receptors are sensitive?
• - line-like features such as contours or
  frontiers passing through the or
• point-like features such as corners or
  line-ends?
• the position and velocity of the microscopic
  features, or
• also to their acceleration

• Answer
• micros corners and line-ends
• use mainly positions and velocities
• instead of the complicated exact algorithms,
  approximate ad-hoc ones
• gt macroscopic illusions predicted and confirmed

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Image Speed and assumption xyzNOTImage Speed
and acceleration(3 times formulae)
3D rigidity perception insenstive to large up to
x2 deformations
LOST of 3D rigidity feeling
Vision Research 35 (1995) 463-476.
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TRACES OF MIND Emergence of Representation in
Drawing The Relation Between Kinematic and
Referential Aspects Ester Adi-Japha, Iris Levin
and S. Solomon Cognitive Development 13, 25-51
(1998)
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We identified and characterized children 2-3
yrs When / how do they first associate
representational meaning to their drawings?
Breaks. discrete sharp
corners in their own drawings
not to the drawings of other children
only shortly having experienced the act
of drawing Breaks lt-gt discrete mental events
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Our findings can be summarized as follows - In
the drawing process one can identify inertial
periods of a few seconds in which nothing happens
with respect to representation
-During these periods the motion is
characterized by a simple kinematic rule.
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These inertial kinematical periods are
interrupted by discrete events characterized by
a Break in the continuity of the velocity and
direction of the pencil motion
Breaks turn out to be the central element of the
present work
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representational meaning ?? Breaks smooth
kinematic inertial parts ?? nonsignicant Breaks
are correlated with a posteriori representation
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Creative Sparks Jacob Goldenberg, David Mazursky,
and Sorin Solomon Science 285 1495-1496, 1999

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Figure 2b General scheme underlying the
replacement version of the pictorial analogy
template
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Communication at the speed of sound
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NY Times
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Herald Tribune
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Examples of Replacement computer produced
ideas        Image of Apple Computer Terminal/
handing of Flowers (for advertising Apple
computers friendliness)        Texture of
Tennis Ball / Temple Mountain Mosque (for
advertising World Cup Tennis Tournament in
Jerusalem).        Shape of Plane/ Coo-coo in
Coo-coo Clock (for advertising the time accuracy
of a flight company).        Picture of Jeeps/
Speaking in Sign Language (for silent car
engine) shape of car/ bullet (for fast car).
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  Table 2 Idea Ratings for the Four
Sources Creativity Ratings Mean S.D. Winning
Ads 3.26 .49 Magazine Ads 2.88 .55 Routine-G
enerated Ads 2.89 .48 Laymen-Generated
Ads 2.22 .43   Originality Ratings Mean S.D. Wi
nning Ads 3.33 .55 Magazine Ads 2.85 .58 Rou
tine-Generated Ads 2.89 .54 Laymen-Generated
Ads 2.22 .46
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What Are Stories Made Of? Quantitative
Categorical Deconstruction of Creation Y.
Stolov, M. Idel, S. Solomon, Int. J. Mod. Phys.
C 11 (2000) 1
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EVENT EVENT NO
EVENT TOTAL DENSITY
but and NO LINK LENGTH
NO LINK LINK RAVEN
9 8
1 1652 0.7 PRINCESS
12 3
1312 1.4
(Lost Princess story has
no end)
21 commentators, 29 events Ordered in nr of
commentators. Highest one diagonal was only rank
14 Only one non-link below it.
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Testing the Turing Test Do Men pass it?
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Turing test

• I propose to consider the question Can
  machines think? . . . I shall replace the
  question by another . . . The new form of the
  problem can be described in terms of a game which
  we call the imitation game.
• (A.M Turing (1950) Computing Machinery and
  Intelligence. Mind 49 433-360

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The participate in the test

• Interrogator Needs to discover who is the human
  and who is the computer.
• Human Aims to help the interrogator.
• Computer aims to fool the interrogator.
• The interrogator is allowed only to ask them
  questions. But can ask any and as many questions
  as he wants.

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in about fifty years time interrogator
will not have more than 70 percent chance of
making the right identification A.M
Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence,
Mind 49 (1950) 433,
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Method

• Doing the imitation game not between human and
  computer but between a man and a woman.
• Interrogator needs to discover who is the man
  and who is the woman. Turing said can be of
  either sex
• Woman Aim to help the interrogator.
• Man Aim to fool the interrogator.
• Turing himself talks about imitation
  
• game between man and woman!

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• We now ask the question What will happen when
  a machine takes the part of A in this game? Will
  the interrogator decide wrongly as often when the
  game is played like this as he does when the game
  is played between a man and a woman? These
  questions replace our original, Can machines
  think?

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Turing assumed that humans can pass the test
but this assumption has not been tested
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results

• The men in the imitation game are reveled (80).

In this case, an intelligent creature cant
imitate another intelligent creature.
Turing deduced his test from the imitation game.
Turing test is not valid.
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Losing All Battles and Wining the War HIV time
hierarchy U Hershberg, Y Louzoun, H Atlan and S
Solomon Physica A 289 (1-2) (2001) pp.178-190
http//xxx.lanl.gov/abs/nlin.AO/0006023
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A antigens (virons) B cells of the immune
system i index of the particular
characteristic shape of virus/immune cell
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The immune system generates cells with various
characteristic shapes to probe for the presence
of antigens with complementary shapes.
Shape space
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B
Shape space
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Once one viron (individual from the strain) meets
an immune system cell the cell keeps multiplying
and its descendents meet more virons and multiply
too.
B
Some mutant virons with different shape (and
therefore undetectable by the present strain of
immune cells) are produced.
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The virons from the strain detected by the cells
with complementary shape are destroyed.
The mutant ones have different shape. They are
not detected (yet) so they multiply unhindered.
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The detected viron strain is destroyed by the
immune system.
Shape space
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The detected viron strain is destroyed by the
immune system.
Shape space
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The detected viron strain is destroyed by the
immune system.
Shape space
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Before being completely destroyed, the detected
strain is able to generate randomly more mutants,
with different characteristic shape.
Shape space
123
The initial strain is decimated but the mutants
are still undetected and multiply unhindered.
Shape space
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The initial strain has now disappeared. The
acute phase primary infection, is finished.The
mutants are still undetected.
This strain has so small population that even an
immune cell with complementary shape doesnt
meet/detect any of its individuals.
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After the initial strain is destroyed, the immune
cells with complementary shape do not meet any
excitation and they die without multiplying. Some
memory cells with the information of the
initial strain shape are left (forever).
?
In the meantime one of the mutant strains is
detected
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?
B
Shape space
127
The immune cells with the complementary shape to
the detected strain multiply. They are not many
enough yet to stop the multiplication of the
strain and in particular the generation of some
mutants.
?
B
Shape space
128
The detected strain is being decimated but its
mutants do well and in fact produce mutants of
themselves.
?
B
Shape space
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The detected strain is about to disappear and
another strain is just being detected.
?
B
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The antibodies corresponding to the destroyed
strain disappear. Only memory cells are left.
Antibodies corresponding to the newly detected
strain are being produced.
?
?
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?
?
132
?
?
133
?
?
134
?
?
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The virus looses another battle but the number of
strains keeps increasing.
?
?
?
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The virus looses another battle but the number of
strains keeps increasing until it overcomes the
immune system.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
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New strains appear and are destroyed within weeks.
REALITY
Many new small strains accumulate and destroy
many immune system cells. The system collapses
The strains of the first invasion are completely
wiped out
SIMULATION
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Transistors -gt chips -gt boards-gt computer -gt
clusters -gt internet Currents-gt digital I/O -gt
coded I/O -gt interrupts, packets
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NOW WITHOUT OBSTRUCTION
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Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
231
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
232
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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233
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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234
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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237
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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238
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
239
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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240
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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241
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
242
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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243
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
244
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
245
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
246
Now obstructing lines
247
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
248
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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249
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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250
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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252
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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259
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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261
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
262
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
263
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
264
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
268
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
269
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
270
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
271
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
274
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
275
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
278
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
279
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
280
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
281
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
283
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
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RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
285
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
286
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
287
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
288
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
289
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
290
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
291
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
292
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
293
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
294
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
295
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
296
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
297
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
298
RECEPTORS
Corners essential
Vision Research 35 (1995) 569-578.
Lines Not
299
(No Transcript)