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Education

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Title: Education


1
Education
2
Education vs. Schooling
  • Education
  • The social institution through which society
    provides its members with important knowledge,
    including basic facts, job skills, and cultural
    norms and values
  • Schooling
  • Formal instruction under the direction of
    specially trained teachers

3
Schooling Economic Development
  • Schooling in India
  • Schooling in Japan
  • Schooling in Great Britain
  • Schooling in the United States

4
Functions of Schooling
  • Socialization
  • Primary schooling
  • Basic language and mathematical skills
  • Secondary schooling
  • Expansion of basic skills to include the
    transmission of cultural values and norms
  • Cultural innovation
  • Educational systems create as well as transmit
    culture
  • Social integration
  • Brings a diverse nation together
  • Social placement
  • The enhancement of meritocracy

5
Latent Functions of Schooling
  • Schools as child-care providers
  • Schools consume considerable time energy-
    activity thus fostering conformity
  • Engages young people at a time in their lives
    when jobs are not plentiful
  • Sets the stage for establishing relationships
    networks
  • Link between particular schools and career
    opportunities

6
Critical Analysis
  • Functionalist approach overlooks that the quality
    of schooling is far greater for some than for
    others.
  • U. S. Educational system reproduces the class
    structure in each generation
  • System transforms privilege into personal
    worthiness and social disadvantage into personal
    deficiency

7
Schooling and Social Inequality
  • Social control
  • Mandatory education laws encouraged compliance,
    following directions, and discipline
  • Hidden curriculum subtle presentations of
    political or cultural ideas in the classroom
  • Standardized testing
  • Is it biased based on race, ethnicity, or class
  • School tracking
  • Assigning students to different types of
    education programs
  • Does it segregate students into winners and
    losers?
  • Inequality between schools
  • Public vs. Private schools
  • Parochial schools operated by Roman Catholic
    Church
  • Suburban vs. Urban districts

8
Critical Analysis
  • Social conflict approach minimizes the extent to
    which schooling upward social mobility for
    talented men and women from all backgrounds
  • Todays college curricula (including sociology
    courses) challenges social inequity on many fronts

9
Access to Higher Education
  • Money is largest stumbling block to higher
    education
  • Even for state-sponsored schools
  • Family income is still best predictor for college
    attendance
  • Families making at least 75,000 send 64 of
    their children to college
  • Families making under 20,000 send 27 of their
    children to college
  • On average, a person with a college degree will
    add almost 500,000 to his or her earnings over a
    lifetime
  • A woman with a bachelors degree will earn
    two-and-a-half times as much as a woman with
    eight or fewer years of schooling

10
Credentialism
  • Evaluating a person on the basis of educational
    degrees
  • Diplomas and degrees are viewed as evidence of
    ability
  • Over-education is often the case when people are
    overqualified for the job at hand

11
Problems in SchoolsMany Believe That a So Called
State of Emergency Best Characterizes Our
System of Education These Days
  • School discipline
  • Many believe schools need to teach discipline
    because it isnt addressed within the home
    setting
  • Violence in schools
  • Students and teachers are assaulted
  • Weapons are brought to school
  • Societys problems spill into schools
  • Answer
  • Adjust attitudes so learning is the focus
  • Skillful and committed teaching
  • Firm disciplinary standards enforced
  • Administrative and parental support

12
Theodore Sizers Ways in Which Bureaucratic
Schools Undermine Education
  • Rigid uniformity
  • Insensitive to cultural character of community
  • Numerical ratings
  • Success defined in terms of numbers on test
    scores
  • Rigid expectations
  • Age and grade level expectations
  • Specialization
  • Many courses, many teachers
  • No one teacher knows a student
  • Little individual responsibility
  • Little empowerment to learn on ones own
  • Dont upset or accelerate learning for fear of
    disrupting system

13
The Silent Classroom the Norm Is to Not Talk
in Class, andStudents Can Get Upset at Others
Who Talk Too Much
  • No matter what the class size
  • Only a handful of students speak
  • Passivity is the norm
  • It is deviant to speak up in class
  • What makes a difference
  • Female instructors tend to call on men and women
    equally, whereas male instructors tend to call on
    men
  • Reasons
  • Students are conditioned to listen
  • Instructors come to class with lectures prepared
    and students do not wish to get sidetracked

14
Many Students Expect Learning to Be Delivered and
Dont Realize They Are Part of the Process
  • Apathy is high among students
  • Reasons
  • Television
  • Parents
  • Schools
  • Other students
  • High tech may hold one key for sparking interest
  • Bringing multimedia into the classroom

15
Academic Standards
  • A Nation at Risk - a 1983, governmental
    commission
  • Troublesome findings concerning what students are
    and are not learning in school
  • 40 of those screened could not draw inferences
    from written materials
  • 33 of those screened could complete multi-step
    mathematical problems
  • Other insights
  • Functional illiteracy a lack of reading and
    writing skills needed for everyday living
  • Lack of interest in the importance of education
    apathetic attitudes toward classes, course
    materials, doing assignments, and attendance
  • Belief that good grades need not be earned, but
    rather just rewarded (as if they had a right to
    them)

16
Academic Standards
  • Global performance
  • U.S. Eighth graders still placed 17th in the
    world in science and 28th in mathematics!
  • Recommendations from A Nation at Risk - a 1983,
    governmental commission
  • All schools should require several years of
    English, math, social studies, general science
    computer science
  • No more social promotion of failing students
    from grade to grade
  • Teacher training and salaries should improve

17
School Choice
  • Introduction of competition to public schools and
    giving parents options might force all schools to
    do a better job
  • Critics charge that these programs erode our
    nations commitment to public education
    especially in inner city schools
  • Magnet schools schools that offer special
    facilities and programs to promote educational
    excellence in a particular area, i.e. Arts,
    computers,foreign language, etc
  • Charter schools public schools that are given
    more freedom to try out new policies and programs
  • Schooling for profit school systems operated by
    private profit-making companies (including public
    schools)

18
Home Schooling
  • Home schooling involves more school-age children
    than magnet schools, charter schools, and
    for-profit schools combined.

19
Advocates of Home Schooling
  • Poor performance of many public schools
  • The system works, students who learn outperform
    those who learn in schools

20
Critics of Home Schooling
  • Home schools reduce the amount of funding going
    to local public schools, which ends up hurting
    the majority of students
  • Home schooling takes some of the most affluent
    and articulate parents out of the system. There
    are the parents who know how to get things done
    with administrators

21
MainstreamingIntegrating Students With Special
Needs Into the Overall Educational Program
  • Five million students are classified as mentally
    or physically disabled
  • Many of the five million receive marginal
    classroom experiences
  • Inclusive education maintains that it is good to
    integrate all children
  • Mainstreaming needs to be approached with a
    measure of common sense
  • In cases in which one has to serve the severe and
    profound populations, a segregated classroom may
    be best

22
Adult Education
  • In 2000, more than 88 million U.S. adults over
    age twenty-five were enrolled in some type of
    schooling
  • Why do adults return to the classroom?
  • To advance a career or train for a new job, but
    many also point to the simple goal of personal
    enrichment

23
The Teacher Shortage
  • Schools have adopted new recruitment strategies
  • Using incentives such as higher salaries and
    signing bonuses to attract people
  • States could make certification easier to get
  • School districts are going globalactively
    recruiting in such countries as Spain, India, and
    the Philippines to bring talented women and men
    from around the world to U.S. classrooms

24
21st Century Schooling
  • Computers and other high-tech tools will become
    increasingly important
  • The amount and quality of high-tech equipment may
    become one of the new marketing tools for schools
    to out-perform one another
  • Computers, however, only hold part of the answer.
    We need humans to put into place a program that
    aims at providing high quality education
  • Will the education system play a role in dividing
    people into two groups in the future
  • Those literate and illiterate in computer skills
  • Will we become a country of haves and have nots
    divided along lines of high-tech competencies
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