RESEARCH%20LABORATORIES%20IN%20MOROCCO

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• RESEARCH LABORATORIES IN MOROCCO
• An e-questionnaire survey (2002)
• Jacques Gaillard and Anne Marie Gaillard

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A 13 PAGES LONG QUESTIONNAIRE
Whats a lab in Morocco?

• Staff (number, positions, training, etc)
• Funding (public private/national
  international)
• Cooperations (national international)
• Equipments (working order, maintenance repairs
  etc)
• ST outputs (publications, patents, training,
  implementation of research results)

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METHODOLOGY

• Finalization of questionnaire after interviews
  and being tested in Rabat, Marrakech and Agadir.
• Validation of e-mails (585 e-mails of Heads of
  labs out of 778 identified labs).
• Accompanying letter explaining context of survey
  and ensuring confidentiality.
• Four reminders between December 2002 and March
  2003.
• Quality control of responses before data input.

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RESPONSES

• 778 identified labs.
• 585 e-mails addresses of Heads of labs validated.
• 496 labs returned the questionnaire duly filled.
• Response rate
• 64 of identified labs
• 85 of labs with validated addresses

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A LARGE SPECTRUM OF SCIENTIFIC FIELDS

1. Agricultural and veterinary sceinces, forestry
2. Energy, Environment
3. Geology, geophysics, hydrology
4. Mathematics, applied mathematics and informatics
5. Physics and nuclear technologies
6. Biological, medical and pharmaceutical sciences
7. Space and Telecommunications
8. Fisheries and aquaculture
9. Other engineering sciences

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INSTITUTIONAL REPRESENTATIVITY OF RESULTS (1)
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REPRESENTATIVITY OF RESULTS BY SCIENTIFIC FIELDS
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MEDIUM TO SMALL-SIZE LABORATORIES
Average

• 7 people by laboratory or research unit
  including
• Slightly less than 4 FT university staff or
  scientists
• Slightly more than 1 other staff (0.4 technician,
  0.3 engineer, 0.25 lab-assistant and
  0.16 secretarial staff
• Slightly more than 2.5 post-graduate students

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RELATIVE SIZE OF LABORATORIES BY SCIENTIFIC FIELDS
Scientific fields Staff Post-graduate Students Total
Agricultural and veterinary sciences, forestry 3.1 1.8 4.9
Energy, Environment 4.3 3.5 7.8
Geology, geophysics, hydrology 4.3 2.8 7.8
Mathematics, applied mathematics and informatics 7.1 4.9 12.0
Physics and nuclear technologies 12.9 3.0 15.9
Biological, medical and pharmaceutical sciences 3.6 1.7 5.3
Space and Telecommunications 7.9 4.4 12.3
Fisheries and aquaculture 3.4 2.1 5.5
Other engineering sciences 5.0 2.6 7.6
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IS MERGING DESIRABLE TO ENSURE CRITICAL MASS?
Type of institution Yes No Do not know No response
High schools 21 12 0 1
Universities 118 59 3 11
Research institutes 18 19 1 0
Total 157 90 4 12
59.7 34.2 1.5 4.6
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NEWLY ESTABLISHED LABORATORIES
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AN OVERALL HIGH PERCENTAGE OF TIME DEVOTED TO
BOTH TEACHING AND RESEARCH

• ES High Schools
• I Public Research Institutes
• U Universities

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A RELATIVELY HIGH PRESENCE OF POST-GRADUATE
STUDENTS IN THE LABORATORIES
Number of post-graduate students 1993-1998 1998-2002 After 2002
Supervised 936 1955 1290
Graduated 848 1339
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EMPLOYMENT OF POST-GRADUATES
Recruitment 1993-1998 1998-2002 Total
In lab where trained 113 129 242
In the same institution 93 68 161
In another institution in Morocco 321 502 823
TOTAL 527 699 1226
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RELATIVELY YOUNG AND PREDOMINANTLY MALE STAFF
Type of institution lt30 years 3039 40-49 50-59 gt60
Universities 4 33 55 8 -
ST Faculties 4 57 35 1 -
Other Faculties 4 30 57 8 -
Other Higher Education Institutions 6 33 45 15 -
Public Research Institutes 5 44 42 9 -
Total 5 35 52 8 -
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A VERY HIGH QUALIFIED SCIENTIFIC STAFF
Institutions Licence, BSc Maîtrise, Ingénieur, MSc DESS DESA/DEA Doctorat 3ème cycle, Docteur Ingénieur PhD, Thèse de doctorat Doctorat dEtat
Research Institutes 3 35 17 17 17 11
Universities - 1 4 18 18 58
High School - 3 18 13 24 42
Total - 6 7 17 19 51
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DEGREES OVERWHEMINGLY OBTAINED IN MAROCCO AND
FRANCE
Countries in which the Head of laboratories have
received highest degree or went for a
post-doctoral stay
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Perception of Heads of Labs concerning the lack
of Scientific Staff
Type of institutions No response No importance Insignificant Tolerable Critic
High Schools 2 2 4 17 9
Universities 7 7 16 113 49
Research Institutes 0 2 10 14 11
Total 9 11 30 144 69
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MAIN REASONS EXPLAINING RECRUITMENTS DIFFICULTIES
Reasons No response Not a problem Does play a role Play a significant role Main reason
Lack of recruitment 48 5 6 24 189
Lack of qualified personnel 114 87 11 24 11
Smallness of labs 155 70 29 14 17
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INSUFFICIENT BUDGETS BUT A DIVERSITY OF SITUATIONS
Annual budget of laboratories in 2002 (excluding
salaries)
Budget in KDh Nb of labs Average budget lab in KDh Average budget by SS in KDh Average budget by SS in KDh
Budget in KDh Nb of labs Average budget lab in KDh Without Post-graduates With Post-graduates
lt 50 146 11,5 2.6 1.5
50 to lt100 71 43.1 9.6 5.2
100 to lt200 51 87.4 20.8 11.3
200 to lt300 57 122.7 30.8 16.7
300 to lt500 40 160.3 41.9 28.6
500 to lt1000 45 196.8 91.2 53.9
gt 1000 20 832.15 152.0 112.0
Total 430 111.9 27.4 15.9
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FUNDING MAINLY OF NATIONAL ORIGIN
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FOREIGN FUNDING
Origin of Foreign Funding KDh
International Institutions 21 285 60.9
France 4 783 13.7
Germany 3 391 9.7
USA 3 200 9.2
Belgium 1 114 3.2
Spain 962 2.8
UK 175 0.5
Portugal 55 0.2
Total 34 965 100.0
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MAIN SCIENTIFIC PARTNERS
No. of collaborations Publications with foreign co-authors
France 413 66.4 65
Spain 62 10.0 4
Belgium 29 4.7 3
Germany 27 4.3 2
Canada 26 4.2 2
Italy 25 4.0 5
USA 22 3.5 9
UK 8 1.3 2
Switzerland 7 1.1 1
Sweden 3 0.5 1
Others 53 8.5 6
Total 622 100.0 100.0
Source ISI (1991-1999)
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COMPARISON OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATIONS
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ACCESS TO INFORMATION
How severe is the problem of access of information of responses
Not important 5
Not very important 8
Cumbersome 19
Important 31
Very important 37
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DIFFERENT WAYS OF ASSESSING SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
In my lab scientific information is
Bought from individual scientists private funding 34
Available in the lab (purchased by the lab) 7
Available within the institution 9
Available from another Moroccan institution 5
Available through our foreign partners 35
Other 10
Total 100
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AGE, STATE AND USE OF MAJOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENTS
(VALUE ABOVE EUROS 18,000)
Age
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AGE, STATE AND USE OF MAJOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENTS
(VALUE ABOVE EUROS 18,000) cont.
State
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AGE, STATE AND USE OF MAJOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENTS
(VALUE ABOVE EUROS 18,000) cont.
Time used (in of equipments)
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
Number and types (1997-2001)
Types Number
Papers in proceedings 4 027 47.4
Papers in international mainstream journals 3 413 40.2
Papers in national journals 879 10.5
Chapters in books 66 0.8
Books as authors 60 0.7
Books as scientific editor 47 0.6
Total 8 492 100.0
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SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION PER SCIENTISTS AND PER YEAR
Types Total 5 years Average per year Mean/year/scientist
Papers in proceedings 4 027 805.4 O,410
Papers in international mainstream journals 3 413 682.6 0.348
Papers in national journals 879 175.8 0.090
Chapters in books 66 13.2 0.007
Books as authors 60 12.0 0.006
Books as scientific editor 47 9.4 0.005
Total 8 492 1698.4 0.866
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Thank you!Jacques GaillardDirector, Division
of Planning and Co-ordinationDepartment of
Technical Co-operationInternational Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA)Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O.Box
100, A-1400 Vienna, AustriaTel. 43 1
2600-22500 or 22306Fax [phone]E-mail
J.Gaillard_at_iaea.org
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