Leptospirosis

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Leptospirosis

• Weils Disease
• Canicola Fever
• Harvest Fever
• Stuttgart Disease (Canine)

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Leptospirosis

• First detected in 1886 by Adolph Weil
• First isolated in 1907 in kidney tissue
• Occurs August-September in North America (unless
  tropical settings)
• Considered a re-emerging disease in USA

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Leptospirosis

• Flexible, filamentous bacteria made up of fine
  spirals with hook-shaped ends.
• Gram
• Spirochete
• gt 200 known serotype
• Survives in a moist environment for weeks-months

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Leptospirosis
Gram -
Hook shaped ends
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LeptospirosisPathogenesis

• Leptospires penetrate mucous membranes or abraded
  skin and multiply rapidly upon entering the blood
  stream.
• They spread to the kidney, liver, spleen, central
  nervous system, eyes and genital tract.
• Initial antibody response clears most organs
  except the kidneys where the infection can remain
  and be shed for weeks to months.
• Leptospirosis causes a severe vasculitis with
  endothelial damage. Kidney damage, shock, heart
  damage with arrhythmias. Liver damage with
  icterus and low vit k levels
• Eye disease-Uveitis

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LeptospirosisCanines

• Many do not show symptoms
• fever
• Acute Renal Failure
• Hepatic (liver) dysfunction
• Coagulation defects with bleeding

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LeptospirosisHumans

• Headache, chills, muscle pain
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease
• Meningitis
• Uveitis
• 100-200 cases annually

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LeptospirosisEpidemiology

• Disease is maintained in nature by chronic
  infection of the kidneys of the maintance hosts.
  The leptospires are excreted into the urine.
• Infection is endemic in the maintenance host and
  usually transferred animal to animal by contact
  with infected water. Maintenance hosts are
  infected early in life and do not develop
  clinical disease.

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LeptospirosisEpidemiology

• Leptospires are transmitted to incidental hosts
  by direct and indirect contact.
• Direct contact (host to host) is via urine, body
  secretions, Transplacental and thru the milk.
• Indirect contact (via urine) in water, on bedding
  or environmental contaminated products

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LeptospirosisReservoir (Maintenance Host)

• Cattle
• Cats (rare)
• Dogs
• Horses
• Pigs
• Rodents
• Wildlife (opossum, raccoons, skunks and many
  other species)

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LeptospirosisDiagnosis

• MAT(microscopic agglutination test) a serologic
  test requiring a dark field microscope.
• Elisa tests-(humans) dogs?
• Darkfield microscopy if gt100,000 organisms.
• Culture (difficult)
• Florescent Antibody tests
• PCR

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LeptospirosisTreatment

• Many cases are not clinically apparent and the
  goal is to eliminate the carrier state
• Antibiotics (the sooner the better)
• Hospitalize with fluid therapy (isolation needed
  here)

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LeptospirosisPrevention

• Elimination of carrier
• Vaccination for dogs
• Protection is serovar-specific
• Current vaccination is for 3 sero types and is
  considered very effective
• Past vaccination was for 2 sero types which are
  no longer as important. The past vaccine was not
  as pure as current vaccines and was commonly
  associated with vaccine allergic reactions.

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Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis

• KENNEL COUGH
• Canine Respiratory Disease Complex

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Kennel CoughEtiology

• Multi-etiology syndrome
• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• CAV2-Canine Adenovirus type 2
• CPI-Canine Parainfulienza Virus

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Canine Kennel CoughSymptoms

• Disease is highly contagious and commonly occurs
  where groups of dogs are congregated.
• Symptoms commonly develop 4 days post exposure.
  Almost always a history of exposure to other dogs
• 1. dry cough
• 2. gagging
• 3. /- fever
• 4. Ocular discharge

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Canine Kennel CoughTreatment

• 1. Antibiotics
• 2. Antitussives (cough suppressants)
• 3. Bronchial dilators
• 4. Anti-inflammatory medications (prednisone)

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Canine Kennel CoughPrevention

• Vaccinationpreferably several days prior to
  exposure to other dogs (kennels, groomers,
  veterinary clinics).
• Intranasal
• Injectable

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BrucellosisBrucella canis

• Small gram negative coccobacillus
• Lives in mononuclear cells
• Essentially a pathogen of dogs and wild canines.

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Brucella CanisBrucellosis

• Most species including humans are relatively
  resistant to B. Canis
• Dogs are also susceptible to infection from B.
  Abortus and B. suis which they acquire naturally
  thru ingestion of contaminated after-births and
  aborted fetus from livestock.
• B. Canis doesnt persist for long in the
  environment and common disinfectants inactivate
  the bacteria

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B. CanisTransmission

• Through mucous membranes of the oral cavity,
  conjunctiva or vagina.
• Infected males shed the bacteria primarily in the
  semen (sexual transmission)
• Infected females shed the organism primarily
  through vaginal discharge or through aborted
  materials.

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Pathogenesis of B Canis

• Low rate of infection in the US and Japan
• Central, South America, Asia and North Africa
  have higher rates.
• Urban pets have a lower prevalence compared to
  stray dogs.
• Venereal transmission most common.
• Females shed organism up to 6 weeks after
  abortion
• Inutero infection of alive puppies possible
• Bacteria lives in the testicles and prostate of
  intact males

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B. CanisSymptoms

• Usually show no symptoms in non pregnant females.
• Males show scrotal enlargement, scrotal
  dermatitis and epididymitis.
• Females in late gestation (40-60) days abort but
  otherwise act normally
• Less common symptoms diskospondylitis, uveitis,
  renal disease and meningitis

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B. CanisDiagnosis

• Antibody tests (slide agglutination test)
• Culture (definitive diagnosis) blood and
  semun(early on)
• PCR-used in people

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B. CanisTreatment

• Difficult to cure with antibiotics.
  (intracellular persistence of the organism)
• Infected male dogs rarely recover

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B. CanisPrevention

• No vaccine is available
• Kennel isolation while attempting an antibiotic
  therapy.
• Euthanasia of infected individuals

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Brucellosis HumansBangs

• 100-200 cases yearly in the US
• Common in Mediterranean Basin due to tourists
  consuming unpastuerized milk products (Village
  Cheese).
• Causes Relapsing fever attacks.
• Coordination between public health and animal
  disease control officials is essential to
  controlling the problem

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BrucellosisUndulant Fever

• Public Health Considerations
• Cooperative State and Federal Brucellosis
  Eradication Program has reduced the incidence to
  a very small number of herds in the United
  States.
• Brucellosis in Free-Ranging Bison is a threat to
  the brucellosis states in states where the
  Buffalo Roam.

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Staphyloccis. intermedius

• Gram cocci, grape clustered
• Normal Resident of Healthy skin

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Staphylococcus gram , Grape Clusters
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StaphylococcusElectron Micrograph
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StaphylococcusS. intermedius

• Also is the most common cause of deep and
  superficial pyoderma

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Pustule

• A small, elevated, purulent fluid-filled cavity
  in the epidermis less than .5 cm in diameter.
  Pustules are most commonly associated with
  superficial pyoderma.

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PUSTULES
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Papule

• A small elevated solid skin lesion up to .5 cm in
  diameter caused by the infiltration of
  inflammatory cells. Usually pink or reddish in
  color.

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StapS. intermedius
Papule
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Staph Skin InfectionDiagnosis

• Gram stain of unruptured lesions.
• Presence of Epidermal Collarettes.
• Lesion culture and Sensitivity
• Skin biopsy

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Gram StainPustule
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Epidermal Collarette
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• Epidermal Collarette

Epidermal Collarette
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Epidermal Collarettes
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Staph PyodermaTreatment

• Broad Spectrum Antibioticsbacterial resistance
  is a problem here.
• Topical ShampoosBenzol Peroxide Shampoos
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Underlying Diseases
  Hypothyroidism, Demodex, Cushings Disease

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Hypothyroidism
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Cushings Disease
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DemodexInfection