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Ian Smith and Paul Courtney

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Title: Ian Smith and Paul Courtney


1
Rural-Urban linkages and social cohesion a
position paper
  • Ian Smith and Paul Courtney

2
Rural-urban linkages
  • What were we asked to do?
  • Writing the position paper
  • What are we trying to achieve today?

3
Structure of the day
  • Setting out a conceptual framework
  • Morning What are the cohesion outcomes of
    rural-urban linkages?
  • Afternoon What are the means of promoting
    rural-urban linkages?
  • What can the Commission do?
  • Key respondents and rounding up

4
Remember
  • The paper is the start of a conversation and not
    the end
  • The conversation will continue after today

5
A conceptual framework for Rural-Urban linkages
and social cohesion
  • Paul Courtney

6
Presentation Structure
  • Defining the nature of urban-rural linkages
  • Defining social cohesion
  • Social cohesion and social/territorial capital
  • Measuring social cohesion
  • A conceptual framework
  • Operationalising social cohesion
  • Discussion points

7
Defining rural-urban linkages
  • Lack of clarity and complexity underestimated
  • Two-way flows which are functional and structural
  • Movements of people goods, capital,
  • Social transactions and administrative / service
    provision / Governance
  • Flows of technology, lifestyles
  • Interdependencies and increasingly complex
    inter-relations
  • Geographic (territorial) and socio-economic
    (relational) space

8
Defining social cohesion
  • Academic (Sociology and Psychology)
  • Social and economic relevance
  • Solidarity and division of labour (Durkheim)
  • Communities, groups and memberships.
  • Shared values reducing disparities common
    enterprise facing shared challenges
  • Nature and extent of socio-economic divisions in
    society
  • Group membership how members can shape the
    conditions of their environment

9
Defining social cohesion
  • Policy perspective social and economic
  • Achieving Integration income differentials
    labour market access housing conditions social
    networks community interaction whilst
  • Recognising differences and interdependences
  • Focus on social networks and community
    interaction leads debate to Social capital
    (Networks, norms, trust, reciprocity)

10
Social Cohesion Social Capital
  • Implicit and explicit relationship well
    documented, and contested
  • Tool to achieve or sub-set of cohesion? Societal
    or group level?
  • Social Capital individual and group levels
    (i.e. networks)
  • Social Cohesion General condition of society
    (networks may be exclusionary, thus high social
    capital but low levels of cohesion)
  • Need to tackle social exclusion and cohesion in
    tandem

11
Social cohesion and territorial capital
economic goals
  • Business networks, customs, solidarity, mutual
    assistance, agglomeration economies and
    natural/cultural endowments
  • Process by which social capital mobilised through
    R-U linkages integral to an areas territorial
    capital with economic goals of enhancing
    efficiency and productivity

12
Measuring social cohesion
  • Means-end and Pluralistic approaches
  • Council of Europes multi-dimensional approach
  • Equity in enjoyment of rights dignity
    recognition occupational and family development
    participation and commitment
  • Half of indicators focussed broadly on social
    capital
  • Chan et als two-by-two framework
  • Horizontal cohesion within civil society
  • Vertical State-citizen cohesion

13
A Conceptual framework
14
Operationalising social cohesion and rural-urban
linkages
  • Labour market linkages
  • Rural-urban migration
  • Rural-urban partnership working

15
Labour market linkages
  • Division of labour supports dependence, supports
    social cohesion, thus labour market patterns and
    commuting important
  • Research shows varying patterns of employment
    decentralisation and journey to work times
  • Combining residential and employment land use
    will help support services, stocks of human and
    social capital
  • Related to wider patterns of rural-urban migration

16
Rural-urban Migration
  • Patterns of rural-urban flows of human and social
    capital and implications for civil society
    differentiated and difficult to predict
  • In-migration of urban professionals can create
    tensions but can add to civic vibrancy
  • Out-migration from rural areas can lead to spiral
    of decline, although return migration can bring
    urban knowledge, skills and networks
  • As a form of linkage, impacts of commuting are
    variable according to sector and distance

17
Rural-urban partnership working
  • Limited evidence indicates that a number of
    opportunities and barriers exist
  • But that good practice can be sought
  • To be examined in the context of the vignettes

18
Discussion points
  • Can we foster social cohesion through rural-urban
    linkages? Are rural-urban linkages special?
  • Should we attempt to measure social/territorial
    cohesion derived from rural-urban linkages and if
    so how?
  • Is there merit in considering social cohesion
    separately from the territorial agenda?

19
Rural-Urban linkages do they foster cohesion?
  • Ian Smith

20
Discussion points
  • Can we foster social cohesion through rural-urban
    linkages? Are rural-urban linkages special?
  • Should we attempt to measure social/territorial
    cohesion derived from rural-urban linkages and if
    so how?
  • Is there merit in considering social cohesion
    separately from the territorial agenda?

21
Vignettes illustration
  • How will we illustrate the issues?
  • Seven vignettes in paper
  • Inter-municipal partnership in Umeå, Sweden.
  • NGO-driven work with disadvantaged urban youth
  • Combined Universities in Cornwall
  • Tackling out-migration by young people in the
    Pays Berry Saint Amandois
  • Counteracting digital exclusion through broadband
    in Kuyavia-Pomerania
  • Joining up public transport in the Prague
    metropolitan area
  • Realignment of family protection and
    child-welfare service in Pécs micro-region
    (Hungary).

22
Case vignettes
Inter-municipal partnership in Umeå
Implementing a Broadband Network in
Kuyavia-Pomerania
Social farming Netherlands
Imayla (NGO-led) social cohesion youth SW
England
Prague Integrated Transit System
Realignment of family protection and
child-welfare services, Pécs
Combined Universities in Cornwall
Tackling issues for young people Pays Berry
Saint-Amandois
Source of base map Wikipedia reproduced under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
23
What was being done?
  • Infrastructure building
  • Improving public services
  • Training and employment
  • Tackling social problems

24
Creating social cohesion through experience
  • Imayla creates learning environments for
    disadvantaged young people
  • Young people from disadvantaged urban areas taken
    to experience rural environments (cohesion within
    group)
  • Also social farming later
  • Are rural-urban linkages special?

25
Cohesion through improving public services
  • Improving family support services in Pécs
    (Hungary)
  • Re-organisation of service at city-region level
  • Improved access, specialist service and quality
    control
  • Are rural-urban linkages special?

26
Propositions
  • Proposition 1 cohesion outcomes of rural-urban
    linkages need to benefit both rural and urban
    communities
  • Proposition 2 cohesion can be the unintended or
    secondary outcome of linkages
  • Proposition 3 territorial and social cohesion
    are generally linked but they do not have to be
  • Proposition 4 linkages are good for dealing with
    service deficits, migration issues, shared
    experiences

27
Rural-Urban linkages do they foster cohesion?
  • Some thoughts from our case vignettes

28
Rural-Urban linkages how do you create them?
  • Ian Smith

29
Making rural-urban linkages
  • Outline some key ideas
  • What have we learnt from EU initiatives
  • Vignette illustrations
  • What you think

30
Rural-Urban Partnerships
  • Benefits/opportunities
  • Reduced polarisation
  • Ability to address regional issues
  • Intelligence of local concerns at strategic level
  • Inclusion of multiple stakeholders
  • Increased global competitiveness
  • Increased capacity to provide fiscal relief for
    revitalisation
  • Challenges/constraints
  • Political and cultural differences
  • Difficulties in cross-collaboration and building
    trust
  • Lack of regional policy frameworks and ambiguous
    structures
  • Operational complexity of process
  • Lack of resources
  • Competition between local authorities

31
Partnerships EU initiative experience
  • Partnerships are important for problem
    identification and project delivery
  • Partnership programmes need to be integrated and
    area-based
  • Transfer of lessons at EU level important
  • Partnerships need to be encouraged to be
    innovative

32
Case vignettes
Inter-municipal partnership in Umeå
Implementing a Broadband Network in
Kuyavia-Pomerania
Social farming Netherlands
Imayla (NGO-led) social cohesion youth SW
England
Prague Integrated Transit System
Realignment of family protection and
child-welfare services, Pécs
Combined Universities in Cornwall
Tackling issues for young people Pays Berry
Saint-Amandois
Source of base map Wikipedia reproduced under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
33
Institutional structures in vignettes
  • Voluntary local government associations (with and
    without incentives)
  • Regional partnerships
  • Non-governmental partnerships
  • Partnerships for identifying priorities and
    partnerships for delivering projects

34
Voluntary associations of municipalities
  • Giving small rural authorities a voice the
    city-region of Umeå
  • Umeå city region of 143,000 residents
  • Voluntary association brings together 6
    municipalities to pool some resources this
    partnership identifies priorities
  • Project partnerships take forward projects
    calling on EU co-finance
  • Transferability? Probably good if have strong
    local government

35
Non-governmental public partnership
  • Providing HE for Cornwall Combined Universities
    in Cornwall
  • 500,000 population of which 92 rural and small
    towns
  • Partnership of 6 universities (independent public
    sector) comes together around accessing EU
    co-finance
  • Provides HE courses
  • Transferability? Depends on capacity of
    non-governmental sector

36
Propositions
  • Proposition 1 partnership is crucial in the
    delivery of rural-urban linkages both in terms
    of issue identification and project delivery
  • Proposition 2 partnerships will probably mostly
    depend on local government but is not the only
    form of partnership
  • Proposition 3 EU co-finance/support has been
    important in facilitating rural-urban linkage
  • Proposition 4 lessons on partnership can be
    transferred across Europe

37
Rural-Urban linkages how do you create them?
  • Some thoughts from our case vignettes
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