Workshop in Spatial and dynamic weed measurements and innovative weeding technologies Bygholm, Denma

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Workshop in Spatial and dynamic weed
measurements and innovative weeding
technologies Bygholm, Denmark 14th - 15th of
November 2005
Current and future methods for physical intra-row
weed control in row crops by B.
Melander Coordinator of the EWRS-working Physical
and Cultural Weed Control Danish Institute of
Agricultural Sciences (DIAS) Department of Crop
Protection
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200-500 hours per hectare in carrot and direct
sown onion and leek
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For further information visit (www.eco-dan.dk) (w
ww.fp-engin.dk)
Camera for row detection
Electrical actuator for pivotal steering discs
Pivotal steering discs
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Ideal situation
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(Van der Weide (NL), 2005)
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Intra-row weeder for upland fields (2) - Torsion
weeder -
Start of use 1980 Total number of
shipment 10,000 Price (4 rows tine
attachment) 4,800 DKK (Tskasa, Japan)
Torsion tine
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Intra-row weeder for upland fields - Rake weeder
-
Cultivator blade
for hard soils
for small crops
Rake
for soft soils
Crop
for large crops

• Start of use 1994
• Total number of shipment 7,000
• Price (4 rows) 35,000 DKK
• (4 rows rake attachment) 13,500 DKK

(Tskasa, Japan)
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Intra-row weeder for upland fields- Rake weeder -
(Tskasa, Japan)
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Intra-row weeder for upland fields - Combination
weeder -
Basket wheel
Cultivator blade
Start of use 1993 Total number
of shipment 2,700 Price (4 rows)
76,000 DKK
Rake
Finger wheel

• Intra-row weeding
• part

Crop
Basket wheel
(Tskasa, Japan)
Torsion bar
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Intra-row weeder for upland fields - Combination
weeder -
(Tskasa, Japan)
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Intra-row weeder for upland fields - Rotary tine
weeder -
Ground wheel
Cultivator blade
Rotating tine
Rotating tine
Start of use 1995 Price (4 rows) 77,000
DKK Total number of shipment 150
(Tskasa, Japan)
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Disk-type weeder
(Tskasa, Japan)
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Performance of the disk-type weeder
Cultivation and Ridging
(Tskasa, Japan)
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Post-emergence harrowing principles of
selectivity
Adapted from Rasmussen (1991), Weed Research
31(6)
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Selectivity
Without pre-emergence flaming terrible situation
With pre-emergence flaming excellent situation
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Selectivity disk hilling in maize
Terrible situation
Excellent situation
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The crop gains a size advantage over the weeds
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Robotic weeding
Silsoe Research Institute, UK (www.sri.bbsrc.ac.uk
)
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Recent research in Europe

• Camera based
• Bontsema et al. NL (1998)
• Tillet Marschant UK (1998)
• Blasco et al. ES (2002)
• Bak Jacobsen DK (2004)
• Søgaard DK (2005)
• Åstrand SW (2005)
• Geo-positioning of crop seeds
• Griepentrog et al. DK (2005)

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Frank Poulsen Engineering
(www.fp-engin.dk)
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Robotic weeding in transplanted salad (v.d.Weide
P. Bleeker (NL)) Robotic weeding in sugar beets
(Bontsema et al. (NL))
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Before inter-row hoeing
Weed Crop
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After inter-row hoeing
Weed Crop
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Influence of the distance between crop and weed
Adapted from Heisel et al. (2002), Weed Research
42, 406-413
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Mechanical weed control in sorghum and maize
Critical period of competition in maize
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Weed free period in cabbage and sugar beets
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Constrains or challenges

• Close-to-crop area
• High weed densities
• Occlusion or overlapping of crop and weeds
• Missing crop plants
• Colour changes over time
• Changes in growth stages over time
• Simultaneous emergence of crop and weeds
• Performances of weeding tools

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Status

Low tech. versus High tech.
Selectivity
Visibility Manipulation of crop growth to
create the ideal situation
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Cabbage ?
Carrot ?
Onion ?
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Soils sterilisation in narrow bands using steam
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Camera for row detection
Our vision 1) Band-steaming for intra-row
control 2) Hoeing with an
automatic steering
system
for inter-row control
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Temperature profile
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Soil steaming laboratory study
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Sowing of crop seeds immediately after steaming
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Sugar beets in the bands
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• Prototype II in carrot
• weeding effectiveness 80-90 at 800C
• tendency for a higher marketable yield
• fuel consumption lt 400 l ha-1

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Summary of findings

• Maximum soil temperatures above 70oC leads to 90
  control or more of most weed species higher
  temperatures may be needed in the field situation
• Maximum temperatures above 70oC appear to
  eliminate the importance of soil type, soil
  moisture content and large aggregates
• Energy consumption may be lowered to 400 litre
  fuel oil ha-1
• Steaming and crop sowing in the same pass seem
  possible
• Both positive and negative effects on non-target
  organism have been seen

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Band-steamer, Sweden
250 m per hour 0.13 ha h-1 9 rows 560 l oil
ha-1 8000 l water ha-1 12 cm band / 4-5 cm depth