Science

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Science

• Advanced Technology and Integration Workshop
• Teacher-Produced Slides

• Slides with this background are our originals.
  Anything else is teacher-produced.
• Examples here are provided to illustrate how
  teachers demonstrated a grasp of the skills
  taught in the Ten Rules of PowerPoint training
  session.
• In the case of science materials, solutions
  included the simplification of language, the use
  of imaginative graphics to reinforce text, the
  division of complex explanations into a narrative
  chain of slides, and the creation of animations
  to explain concepts.

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What Is Radioactive Waste?

• Atoms of elements that are decaying into other
  elements, giving off high-energy rays (gamma
  rays) in the decay process
• Sub-atomic particles that originate in the
  nucleus (alpha and beta particles)

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Guess what I am ?
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I am
waste
radio
active
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How Can You Get Exposed to Radiation?

• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Injection
• Direct contact

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Exposed to radiation. How ?
1
2
Inhalation
Injection
4
3
Direct contact
Ingestion
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High Level Radioactive Waste

• Particles in spent uranium rods are still
  radioactive. This is high-level radioactive
  waste.
• The spent fuel is transported to a holding pool
  for temporary storage.
• The pool is made of a thick layer of
  steel-reinforced concrete and filled with water.
• Long half life means that spent fuel will remain
  radioactive for tens of thousands of years.

Workers must wear protective gear when putting
the spent fuel in the pools. Source U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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High Level Radioactive Waste

• Particles in spent uranium rods are still
  radioactive. This is high-level radioactive
  waste.
• The spent fuel is transported to a holding pool
  for temporary storage.

Workers must wear protective gear when putting
the spent fuel in the pools.
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Why is Water Used as a Coolant?

• Water has a high specific heat.
• This means that water can absorb a lot of heat
  before the water gets hot.
• Water in the air, the humidity, also helps
  control temperature changes from season to season.

During the summer, the water is not as hot as the
surrounding environment because water has a high
specific heat.
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Why is Water Used as a Coolant?
During the summer, the water is not as hot as the
surrounding environment because water has a high
specific heat.
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Holding Pool

• The pool is made of a thick layer of
  steel-reinforced concrete and filled with water.
• Long half life means that spent fuel will remain
  radioactive for tens of thousands of years.

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Nuclear Radiation

• Nuclear radiation is ionizing radiation that
  originates from the nucleus of an atom.
• It occurs when the nucleus of an atom becomes
  unstable and must give off energy and/or
  particles to become stable again.

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Nuclear Radiation

• Nuclear radiation is ionizing radiation that
  originates from the nucleus of an atom.
• Whats the catalyst???
• When the nucleus of an atom becomes unstable and
  must give off energy and/or particles to become
  stable again.

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Radioactive Decay and Half Life

• An unstable isotope will become stable by
  radioactive decay.
• Four types of radiation can be produced during
  decay
• Alpha radiation
• Beta radiation
• Gamma radiation
• Neutron radiation

• The rate of an isotopes decay is called its half
  life.
• The half life of an isotope is the amount of time
  it takes for one half of the isotopes nuclei to
  completely decay.
• Half lives can range from milliseconds to
  millions of years.

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Radioactive Decay and Half Life

• An unstable isotope will become stable by
  radioactive decay.
• Four types of radiation can be produced during
  decay
• Alpha radiation
• Beta radiation
• Gamma radiation
• Neutron radiation

• The rate of an isotopes decay is called its half
  life.
• The half life of an isotope is the amount of time
  it takes for one half of the isotopes nuclei to
  completely decay.
• Half lives can range from milliseconds to
  millions of years.

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Global Warming

• Global warming is the average increase in the
  earths temperature.
• Over the past 100 years, the earth has risen in
  temperature 1 degree Fahrenheit.
• That may not sound like much, but the earths
  temperature was only 6 degrees cooler during the
  ice age when much of the earth was covered by
  glaciers.
• Global warming leads to changes in the amount of
  rain we get and where the rain falls, a rise in
  sea level, and devastating impacts on our
  wildlife populations.
• Scientists predict that the earths average
  temperature will rise another 1 to 6 degrees in
  the next 100 years.

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Global Warming

• Average increase in the earths temperature.
• Past 100 years rise in earths temperature of 1
  degree F.
• That may not sound like much, but the earths
  temperature was only 6 degrees cooler during the
  ice age when much of the earth was covered by
  glaciers.

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Global warming leads to changes in the amount of
rain we get and where the rain falls, a rise in
sea level, and devastating impacts on our
wildlife populations.
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The Greenhouse Effect

• The greenhouse effect is a warming of the earth
  due to gases being trapped in the atmosphere.
• These gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide,
  nitrous oxide, and methane.
• Without these gases, the earth would be very
  cold.
• However, too much of a good thing can spell
  disaster for our environment.

Source EPA.gov
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Scientists predict that the earths average
temperature will rise another 1 to 6 degrees in
the next 100 years.
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The Greenhouse Effect

• The greenhouse effect is a warming of the earth
  due to gases being trapped in the atmosphere.
• These gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide,
  nitrous oxide, and methane.

Source EPA.gov
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Without these gases, the earth would be very
cold. However, too much of a good thing can
spell disaster for our environment.
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What are Fossil Fuels?

• The three fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural
  gas.
• As the name suggests, these fuels were made
  millions of years ago.
• Oil and natural gas are located underground,
  trapped between sheets of rock. Companies drill
  down through the rock and pump the oil or gas
  into holding tanks for further processing.
• Coal is also located underground and must be
  mined since it is a solid.

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Energy from Fossil Fuels

• Fossil fuels create 90 of the energy used in the
  world.
• Oil is the most widely used fuel, followed by
  coal, then natural gas.
• The energy from fossil fuels produces
  electricity, fuels our vehicles, and provides
  heating and cooling.
• However, fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is,
  once it runs out, we cant make any more.

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What are Fossil Fuels?

• As the name Fossil suggests,
• these fuels were made millions of years ago.
• Three fossil fuels
• Oil
• Natural gas.
• Coal

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Where are Fossil Fuels?

• Oil and natural gas are located underground,
  trapped between sheets of rock.
• Companies drill down through the rock and pump
  the oil or gas into holding tanks for further
  processing.

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Where are Fossil Fuels?

• Coal is also located underground.
• It is a solid so it must be mined

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Energy from Fossil Fuels

• Fossil fuels create 90 of the energy used in the
  world.
• Oil is the most widely used fuel, followed by
  coal, then natural gas.
• The energy from fossil fuels produces
  electricity, fuels our vehicles, and provides
  heating and cooling.

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Limitations of Fossil Fuels
Energy Consumption by Region

• Using fossil fuels contributes to global climate
  change, acid rain, and holes in the ozone layer
  that protects the earth.
• Fossil fuels are also a hot commodity among
  countries. The U.S. imports most of its oil from
  the Middle East. Any reduction in the amount of
  oil we receive, leads to huge cost increases for
  energy.
• Energy consumption worldwide is constantly
  rising, what are we going to do when we run out
  of fossil fuels?

Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Country
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Limitations of Fossil Fuels

• Using fossil fuels contributes to global climate
  change, acid rain, and holes in the ozone layer
  that protects the earth.

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Types of Radiation

• There are two broad categories of radiation
  non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation.
• Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move
  atoms around, but cannot change their internal
  structure.
• Ionizing radiation is a high energy radiation
  that interacts with electrons to knock them out
  of orbit around an atom. This charged atom is
  called an ion.

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Non-Ionizing Radiation

• Non-ionizing radiation is electromagnetic waves
  that only have enough power to move atoms around.
• Radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, and
  visible light rays are all examples of
  non-ionizing radiation.
• The rest of the rays in the electromagnetic
  spectrum are examples of ionizing radiation.

Source Herschel Space Observatory
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Ionizing Radiation

• Ionizing radiation is a high-energy radiation
  that can make ions out of atoms when the energy
  is absorbed - electrons are knocked out of their
  orbit around an atoms nucleus.
• Ionizing radiation can be in the form of
  electromagnetic waves or particles.
• Examples include x-rays, UV rays, gamma rays, and
  alpha particles to name a few.

Source nyc.gov The burn you get from staying out
in the sun too long is a result of UV ionizing
radiation.
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• 1) Non-ionizing radiation ? moves atoms around,
  but cannot change their internal structure

ENERGY SOURCE
Examples ? Radio waves, microwaves, infrared
rays, and visible light rays
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• 2) Ionizing radiation ? high energy radiation
  that knocks electrons out of orbit around an
  atom.

ENERGY SOURCE
Resulting atom with missing
electrons called an ion
Examples ? ultraviolet rays, x-rays gamma rays,
alpha particles