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Soaring

• Static Soaring
• Dynamic Soaring
• High Speed Soaring

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Soaring

• Static Soaring
• Thermals
• Deflected winds
• Dynamic Soaring
• High Speed Soaring

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Soaring

• Static Soaring
• Dynamic Soaring
• Wind speed gradient
• Momentum
• High wing loading
• High Speed Soaring

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Soaring

• Static Soaring
• Dynamic Soaring
• High Speed Soaring
• High speed for lift
• Low drag
• Vortex turbulence

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Tail Shape

• Long
• Steering
• High Drag
• Forked even better
• Short Fanned
• High lift
• Third wing

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Breaking

• Timed Stalling
• Feet
• Tail

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Take-off

• From ground
• Running along ground
• Running along water
• Cliff / tree launch

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Adapted Morphology

• Skeletal

• Musculature

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Avian Niches
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Niches

• Definition
• Range of conditions and resources within which an
  organism can survive and reproduce
• N-dimensional hyper volume
• Competitive Exclusion
• Niche separation possible with isolating
  mechanisms

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Niches

• Definition
• N-dimensional hyper volume (Hutchinson)
• Competitive Exclusion
• Niche separation possible with isolating
  mechanisms

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Niches

• Definition
• N-dimensional hyper volume
• Competitive Exclusion
• Niche separation possible with isolating
  mechanisms

Two species cannot coexist on a single limiting
resource
Fundamental vs. Realized
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Niches

• Definition
• N-dimensional hyper volume
• Competitive Exclusion
• Niche separation possible with isolating
  mechanisms
• Otherwise competition among individuals
• Most interesting among species with closely
  related niches

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Examples of Niche Separation
Mountain Mouse-warbler

• Habitat
• Altitude
• Other environmental gradient
• Microhabitat
• Food

White-tailed
Rock
Rusty Mouse-warbler
Willow
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Examples of Niche Separation

• Habitat
• Altitude
• Other environmental gradient
• Microhabitat
• Food

Song
Swamp
Seaside
Sharp-tailed
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Examples of Niche Separation

• Habitat
• Altitude
• Other environmental gradient
• Microhabitat
• Food

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Food

• Frugivores
• Insectivores
• Granivores
• Carnivores
• Piscivores
• Scavangers
• Nectivores
• Herbivores
• Specialists

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Food

• Frugivores
• Insectivores
• Granivores
• Carnivores
• Piscivores
• Scavangers
• Nectivores
• Herbivores
• Specialists

Most Common
Uncommon
Rare
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Bills

• Main tools
• Wide variety
• Ecologically flexible

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Food

• Size
• Indonesian Pigeons
• Seed-eaters (large)

FORAGING FREQUENCY
FRUIT DIAMETER
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Food Accessibility

• Seeds
• Mud
• Flowers
• Filtering
• Meat

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Food Accessibility

• Seeds
• Mud
• Flowers
• Filtering
• Meat

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Food Accessibility

• Seeds
• Mud
• Flowers
• Filtering
• Meat

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Food Accessibility
GREATER

• Seeds
• Mud
• Flowers
• Filtering
• Meat

LESSER
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Food Accessibility

• Seeds
• Mud
• Flowers
• Filtering
• Meat

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Island Radiations
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Other Specializations

• Wings / tails
• Legs
• Necks
• Guts

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Other Specializations

• Wings / tails
• Legs
• Necks
• Guts

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Other Specializations

• Wings / tails
• Legs
• Necks
• Guts

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Other Specializations

• Wings / tails
• Legs
• Necks
• Guts
• Leaves
• Meat
• Fruit More to Come . . .